Ernest J. Gaines: a Lesson Before Dying Essay

After reading the† lesson before dying â€Å"by Ernest J. Gaines the two characters that Really peeked my interest was Grant Wiggins and Tane Lou. These two are in relation by blood. this is very surprising being they are the total opposites when it comes to their characters. So I will be comparing these 2 characters. Tante Lou is the aunt of Grant and tante Lou are the total opposites of each other. Grant is so serious all the time and there’s something on his mind constantly. But he chooses to just stay silent about whatever he is thinking or going through. Whereas Tante Lou is the opposite she’s really free spirited. She takes him and really cares for him even through his flaws. Even through all his obstacles she’s able to change him for the better. He becomes a hero in this story he’s the protagonist in this story. He comes off as being so arrogant and wants freedom, respect but doesn’t do anything about it. But however great aunt tante i s anything but shy she will step up. She’s a role model in his life and the black community. Her actions throughout the story show that she has a big heart that loves but also is bossy. She accepts grant for who he is but says hey don’t put your people down. Stand up and use that education your smart let people see that side of you make an impact. Tante Lou is a unique and beautiful person she finds the good things in life through anything. She has a strong belief in god and his good works. Grant goes to church and is religious as well but he seems lost. He’s there but not really and needs direction. So these two characters kind of balance each other out. Grant carries himself as being protagonists throughout the story because he is the narrator in the story. He comes off as being arrogant because he feels that there is no hope for his community. Unlike the others he actually got away and went to college and earned a degree. He wants equality treatment and we see this without this he feels enslaved. Based on his personality he is quiet on the inside but has something to say. There is a part that of him that hasn’t really been exposed His demeanor is that he has used his formal education as a way of distinguishing himself from the others. The fact that he feels this way he doesn’t feel the need to try and make a change or impact at all for his people. Grant feels like nothing will ever change and that he’s an African american stuck in a white racist world. Grant was the only one to leave for a temporarily short period when he went to get a college education and that was rare for the newly freed slaves. Even after the emancipation and getting and education without the barriers they had before. He sticks around but has no reason to stay which is strange he feels enslaved even when he isn’t His overall demeanor is that he seems conflicted with himself and he’s looking for a fight to win. His moods vary depending on how he feels in the story he is very mysterious. He changes from being afraid when first helping Jefferson to being proud. Then when he is with Vivian and his aunt tante he’s kind and caring. When it’s just him he’s is very standoffish and he is very reserved. His character dresses just as his personality is he wears bow ties, white collared shirt and trousers and dress shoes. This is what he wears pretty when it comes to clothes. He wants to make a statement by dressing like this and who he is. Tante is the Aunt of Grant and all we have to go on is her remarks throughout the story. She has what grant lacks which is hope and resilience in this story. The facts that grant has a cynical branded of atheism makes her disapprove it. She is a very spiritual person and is highly motivated by god. Tante constantly is trying to see the good in people and change them for the better. She dresses respectably in society and insists on being chauffeured in the back seat to the pichots. This goes to show you that even though they were regarded as the lower and poor class she didn’t let that affect her. She regarded the way she dressed as the way of saying just because we don’t have money and education doesn’t make us different. She isn’t going to give in to the concept that blacks in the south are the bottom rung. Tante not only is a leader in the community but also in grants life. People look at her to step up and take action and she does by telling grant to be compassionate and helpful. She forces his hand to help Jefferson who was convicted of a crime which he never did. Her faith in god and good works makes her whats good especially for grant in every way. Although physically free, Grant lives in a mental prison of his own making created by his hatred of whites, his arrogance, and his detachment from the black community. As an educated man, he sees himself as superior to people like Jefferson and Rev. Instead of preparing him to contribute to his community, his formal education has taught him to despise his own people. Consequently, he uses his role as a teacher not to inspire and uplift his students but to humiliate and ridicule them, much as his own teacher. Matthew Antoine humiliated and ridiculed him. Thus, instead of using his skills and talents to change the cycle of poverty and violence, Grant perpetuates the cycle by failing to challenge the system.

My wish for the world

According to the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, ‘world' means the earth with all its countries, people and natural features around us. Now, the world is craving for freedom. Can't people these days hear the earth's cry? It cry saying ‘I want peace, I want no pollution, I want the rivers to run free and I want my nature back! The only thing man can care about is themselves. Nothing else. They don't realize it until one day they suffer. My wish for the world is simple like everyone else writing this wants it to be. I wish that the world is free from pollution. Pollution is the process of making air, water and many other things dirty. There are many type of pollutions such as air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution. Air pollution is harmful to all living organisms on this earth. Air pollution can exist in many type of states such as open burning, release of carbon monoxide from vehicles, cigarettes smoke and factories and haze. This may lead to many type of sickness such as difficulty in breathing, sore throat, cough, blurriness of vision and many more. The effects of air pollution on the earth are green house effects, global warming and the thinning of the ozone layer. Ways to overcome this problem are filtration of smoke before being released into the environment, a person who does open burning should be fined and vehicles should use catalytic converter. Water pollution can happen with the spilling of oil in the sea, toxic substances being thrown into the river and many more. The effects of this is that many aquatic creatures will die and extinct since the layer of oil covering it will block the oxygen from entering the water. Besides that, the fisherman will lose his daily income and we will lose our main source of protein. Ways to overcome this problem are ships that does oil spilling should be fined and the laws should be tightened. I also wish the world would always be in peace. Everyone wishes a peaceful world. But if the war continues, the world will be destroyed. War occurs when countries are not satisfied with what they have. They always want more which is a necessary to them. Their wish to rule other countries and widen their empires also causes war. For example, the war against Iraq and America. The need of oil to America has forced them to invade Iraq. This war is also caused by misunderstanding among leaders. Unlike Malaysia, Iraqians are living in misery because of lack of food. Malaysians live in peace and harmony. If all countries were like Malaysia, I am sure the world would be in peace forever. Furthermore, I wish that there would be no extinction in fauna. When an animal extinct, that means that no member of its species exist anymore anywhere in the world. Species extinct because of not being able to cope with the environment changes such as pollution and species evolution or hunters. The most unnatural phenomenon that causes animal to extinction is man's need to hunt animals for their parts. This is because there is a demand for animal parts such as fur and other medicinal purposes. Among the animal that used to exist but now are extinct are the auroches, dodo bird, woolly mammoth, dinosaurs, quagga, Tasmanian tiger and Steller's sea cow. Among the animals now on the endangered list are elephants, great apes, marine turtles, monarch butterflies, panda bears, American pikas, polar bears, rhinoceroses, snow leopard, tigers, whales and dolphins. There are many type of ways to solve this problem such as there are various organizations and bodies in each country that work towards conserving wildlife as well as protecting endangered animals. In some countries, work is done to help certain animals mate in the hope of procreating more of their species. If we play our part by not creating a demand on such products on animal parts, then the hunting will stop. This means that we have to stop buying fur products, alligator skin bags and shoes and even traditional medicines that use animal parts. Man is the main reason why most animal are becoming extinct. We are killing the animals for our own selfish needs whether directly or indirectly. I wish the people in the world would appreciate nature and take good care of it so that in the future there will be no extinction. Malaysia's forests have been home to many great animals over the years. However, due to the development, deforestation and man, certain species of flora and fauna have dwindled in number. If we could learn how to live close to nature and love it, definitely there wouldn't be any extinction. If extinctions continue, there wouldn't be any animals or plants left. Then, man will lose their source of food. We should understand that whenever nature is harmed, mankinds are the ones who is going to be most affected. I also wish that natural disasters wouldn't happen. Natural disasters are phenomenon which can cause death, destruction and leave harmful effects. So far, natural disasters have taken lives of billions including plants and animals. For instance, the tsunami tragedy which happened in December 2004. it took the lives of billions. The tsunami waves hit Jakarta, Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia. Many believe that this is a sign showing that our earth and the God are angry with us for destroying living plants and animals. By now, we should realize our mistakes and stop all activities that are destroying the earth. Because if we don't, we will pay for our mistakes when time comes. The world is a place for all living organisms and everybody should appreciate it by preventing the world from destruction in time to come. Lastly, I hope that all my wish for the world will come true.

Self-mutilation is Self-healing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self-mutilation is Self-healing - Essay Example This is an attempt at summarizing Max Malikow's article in Education Digest. His is a challenging theme anent self-cutting by students in schools. Not too many psychologists have dared tread this highly sensitive area of research and immense human importance. About two million students in The United States schools deeply cut their skin from a part of their body. How really painful this has to be. They do not think, fear or bother about this resulting pain when they go for cutting.Cutting behavior is an off shoot of intensity. 'Silent clamoring around of human feelings and their gathering momentum over a period of time from within' leads to acts of self-cutting, self-harm and giving pain to one's own self. This is like the sudden bursting of an erstwhile apparently sleeping volcano. The gathering momentum is released. The damage is also done. The road to normalcy is also seen more clearly after this volcanic outburst! The damage is physical. Relief is emotional. The question of return to normal life relates to social context. Indeed, "Cutters are determined to hide the self-abusive behaviors and are adept at doing so. They fear discovery and being thought of as being crazy. Parents often deny this behavior".This attitude of denial and fearfulness needs to be curbed. Do not cut cutters. Prevention of cutting behavior is essential. Removing its causes is essential. Teachers in schools and parents of cutters must know that cutters need not be treated as having suicidal tendencies. They are merely neurotic. They fear social humiliation. They must not be ignored and put aside. More creative and thoughtful consideration of their behavior is required. Their feelings must be given a fulsome opportunity for fuller expression. 'Rejection' is the most fearful proposition to cutters. They need attention without being to overt about this. Three major reasons are extended for cutting behavior. These are distraction, dissociation and symbolism. They are distracted towards self-injury for they fear what they feel. Their numbness of physical sensations and emotions occur due to pressure and intensity of feelings. This creates in them disassociation and de-personalization. This leads to self-injury. The experience of pain reassures cutters they are alive and human. Depersonalization can be stopped by self-injury. After self-injury, flowing of blood is an outward expression of an inner release of undesirable emotion. Blood and physical pain appear as a symbolism for release of intensity, tension and fear. This tendency of cutting must be treated through a teacher who can render valuable support to a self-injuring student. The treatment includes behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication. The last technique of medication must not be resorted to as far as possible. Public condemnation of cutters must never be there. For B. F. Skinner, they must be given sympathetic hearing. Exclusive assignments must be given to them. They must never be ignored. Patience and perseverance of a teacher will pay here. Personal Opinion and Analysis A sympathetic approach to cutting behavior and a positive way of looking at this phenomenon must be appreciated. It is only through this attitude that several other challenges to this world can also be properly looked into. Wide spread practice of self-injury among schooling going children, specially adolescents, is a very serious issue for educationists and others. A positive outlook and considerate stance is necessary for treating and preventing this apparently negative happening among students.

Journal 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal 5 - Essay Example Mobile technologies have revolutionized the educational system by allowing greater opportunities and greater exposure to new forms of learning which can be beneficial to not only traditional students, but also those returning to school to earn their degree. From a historical context, the development of mobile technologies such as the Internet has been slow. Text messaging and email would have been looked at as science fiction about a hundred years ago. The first type of â€Å"e-mail† was done through Morse code. Research was done in the library by reading over many journals and papers. The smallest computers would take up entire buildings. Compared to the cell phones and palm pilots we have today, the original cell phones were often so big they would have to be carried in a bag. The rudimentary internet technology could only be accessed with minimal functions. The development of all these technologies has increased exponentially over the last century. Greater communication tec hnology and development of technology in general has lead to a more diverse educational experience. Now, many lectures and lessons that are done in traditional schooling, both at the elementary and higher education levels, are all technology enhanced. In particular, this allows schools which have limited academic resources the chance to have access to resources and notes from other schools/institutions. Also, technology allows greater diversity in learning, which in children can be essential because children respond to many different types of learning. Mobile technologies also add to the flexibility of learners, especially in non-traditional students who are returning to school. It allows them to access and submit assignments from phones or computers rather than the traditional handing in hard copies because many of these people work full time jobs and have families. Additional developments in this technology and in data processing has allowed for greater cooperation and communicati on in politics, research, education, and in many other areas as well. Personally, this technology has greatly affected my life. In my short time in society, I have seen the growth and expansion of technology, specifically in the last few years. The internet has revolutionized the way I study for school. I can now research topics on multiple databases as well as type up reports. Mobile media and streaming videos/music has also served an entertainment purpose. If I miss an episode of my favorite show or want to download the new top song, I can access it not only from my computer, but also from my cell phone. The most important part in the development of mobile technology is the ability for me to stay connected with everyone. Not only can I call my parents and friends, but I can also send them text messages from my phone. Social networking sites also allow me to keep up with all my friends. Even though the development of this technology has the greatest effect on learning and education , I believe that it has mostly impacted my social life. Even though we are able to use and function with the technologies we have today, in the next few years they will become obsolete as better and more efficient technologies take their place. To every side of the coin, there are benefits and consequences to the development and uses of more advanced technologies. There is a greater benefit in this development. Our technology is what allows for society to communicate and cooperate with each other.

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing Mix - Essay Example The basic purpose however is to make a sale during all this while on the part of the marketing team coming under the organization’s umbrella. The elements of the marketing mix might not be applicable to every organization or product since there are discrepancies in the understanding of each and every product. However on the condition that all of these 4P’s create value for the end user is something to understand from. The 4P’s basically outline the exact basis for the know-how related with the product as the product itself is discussed which includes the brand mark or the house mark as well as the symbol. (Lazer, 1971) The aspect of price includes whether or not this product is sold in line with the industry’s other competitors or it is skimmed to a high price right at the very beginning of its induction in the market. At times, this product could be penetrated at a low price so as to ignite more sales but then again it could backfire since the product can have bad reputation and be considered of low value and hence a negligible brand image is conveyed nonetheless. Place is the distribution aspect rel ated with that product where the product is made available for the right target audiences. This includes the retail outlets, stores, mobile vans, corner shops and just about any place where it could be purchased from. It can even include the Internet since a lot of online sale is being done through it and hence could rightly be termed as a point of sale for the eventual end consumers. The promotional aspect, the last P amongst the 4P’s is related with marketing communications, which not only takes advertising, sales promotions and personal selling into its fold but also the aspect of word of mouth communication, with or without the creation of the opinion leaders and quite rightly so the public relations tenet. Now we move on with the aspects of the marketing mix in relation with each other. If there is no product, there would

Cross Cultural Communication and Management essay

Cross Cultural Communication and Management - Essay Example racted to work â€Å"in and of itself,† while extrinsic motivation refers to being engaged with work because of external variables, such as management support and the organisational rewards system and practices (Dewett, 2007, p.198). The main tools of analyses for this paper come from Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Deutsch’s (1973) theory of cooperation and competition. The subject matter is motivation and the country analyzed is Macau. Organisations that participated were Chinese firms. Motivation strategies through empowerment for Chinese employees in Macau hotels moderately support the perceived effects of high Power Distance (PDI) (Hofstede, 2012) and relates to how empowerment includes cooperation and other external support that can enhance employee performance (Humborstad et al., 2008). Psychological empowerment consists of â€Å"the additive effects, or gestalt of three separate dimensions validated by Spreitzer (1995)† and these dimensions are â€Å"impact, competence, and self-determination† (Drake, Wong, and Salter, 2007, p.72). Employee motivation refers to what drives people to be attracted to their work. Intrinsic motivation pertains to how individuals are attracted to work â€Å"in and of itself,† while extrinsic motivation refers to being engaged with work because of external variables (Dewett, 2007, p.198). Examples of intrinsic motivation are pleasure and entertainment attained from jobs. PDI symbolizes â€Å"the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede, 2012). Power distance stands for the nation’s score in how they deal with social inequality (Hofstede, 2012). Inequality happens in areas of fame, wealth, and power, and different societies provide different weights on the consistency for these areas of inequalities (Hofstede, 2012). Values are â€Å"desired end states or standards by which persons evaluate experience, and are largely defined in terms of their

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example However, eating disorders are caused by many factors, both social and cultural factors. With the increases of eating disorders among students the awareness campaign has been extended to schools. This paper will look at the possible causes of eating disorders. It will also look at the treatments of these disorders. Stewart, G. (2000). Teens with eating disorders. San Diego: Lucent books. Eating disorders among teenagers are mainly caused by psychological issues. Teenagers are easily disappointed or depressed with occurrences in their lives. In most cases they tend to eat a lot to drown their sorrows (Stewart, 2000). This scenario is rampant to male students. At young age depression could be cause a lot of harm in teenagers. With eating a lot many affected individuals feel more occupied thus they have less time to think about their problems. At first it is not of concern since the feeding is under the control of the student’s mind (Stewart, 2000). However, with time the student loses control and it slowly turns into an eating disorder. Swain, P. (2006). New developments in eating disorder research. New York: Nova publishers. Swain (2006) says that there is not a single cause for eating disorder. She suggests that most cases of eating disorder are caused by concern over weight and body shape. In female students, the issue of weight brings a lot of concern to them. Some of them may turn to dieting as a way of watching their weight. In many scenarios these individuals acquire the eating disorder whereby they cannot feed. They get a king of psychological disgust every time they think of feeding (Swain, 2006). The author relates the same occurrences regarding the issue of acquiring a certain body shape. Herrin, M. & Matsumoto, N. (2006). The parent’s guide to eating disorders. California: Gurze books. The two authors bring up the factor of genetic background. For example, if one identical twin has anorexia the probability of the other twin to have the di sorder is at about 80% (Herrin & Matsumoto, 2006). This is because they have in them the genes of the eating disorder. In other scenarios some individuals inherit the eating disorders. LeGrange, D. & Lock, J. (2011). Eating disorders in children and adolescents: A clinical handbook. London: Guilford Press. Another genetic factor is the hormonal influence. Some brain chemicals create a possibility of having an eating disorder. According to LeGrange & Lock (2011) individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa have high levels of vasopressin and cortistol hormones. The hormones are released after any occurrence of emotional or physical stress. The hormones are found to cause eating disorders in a number of people. Goodman, L. & Villapiano, M. (2001).eating disorders: A journey to recovery Handbook. New York: Psychology Press. Sociological factors also have a great role to play in the cause of eating disorders. We live in a society which perceive being fat as a disability. In every street corner, on radio, on television and on the internet there is always that negative perception of being fat. To adolescent this causes a lot of worry to them. In order to be fit in these societies they tend do anything possible not to become fat (Goodman & Villapiano, 2001). It is at this point that eating disorders like bulimia occur. According to the authors peer pressure also plays its negative role to cause these disorders. Teenager especially students tend to try and fit in the social

The Role of Neurotechnology In Mitigating Developmental Progression of Research Paper

The Role of Neurotechnology In Mitigating Developmental Progression of Brain Disease - Research Paper Example One such condition which has been studied thoroughly is congenital diaphramatic hernia2. Of recent interest is fetal investigation and therapy of neurological disorders like spina bifida which are potential candidates for fetal therapy and there is some evidence that fetal interventions, when compared to postnatal interventions can improve postnatal neurological outcomes. This study aims to ascertain the role of neurotechnological advances in mitigation of the progression of neurological disorders, through review of suitable literature. Methods In order to retrieved articles for review, the electronic databases PUBMED and Google Scholar were used. The words used for search were â€Å"fetal therapy† or â€Å"fetal intervention† or â€Å"neurotechnology† with â€Å"brain disorders of fetus†. Several articles were displayed. Based on the contents of the abstracts, some of the articles were selected and studied. Both reviews and controlled studies were picked up for this research project to gain overall information about the topic and the research aim in study. Discussion Advances in technology in the form of powerful imaging strategies and improved sampling techniques have revealed the mystery of the fetus that was once secretive3. Most of the malformations that are diagnosed prenatally are managed best by appropriate medical and surgical therapy after birth. This may required planned delivery at a tertiary care after safe maternal transport. However, a few anatomic abnormalities with predictable consequences after birth may require surgical intervention before birth itself4 . In early 1980s, developmental pathophysiology of several anomalies which were potentially correctable was ascertained in animal models.5 The natural history of these diseases was determined through serial observation among animal models. Thereafter, selection criteria for prenatal intervention were developed. In the process, various anesthetic and tocolytic regime ns were refined and protocolised and also surgical aspects of hysterotomy and fetal repair were refined and developed. In the later stages, minimally invasive techniques for fetal intervention were developed and refined. All these advances in technology have benefited several fetal patients and it is hoped that more advances are made in this novel strategy allowing advanced forms of treatment on the fetus like tissue engineering, stem cell transplantation and gene therapy in both anatomic and non-anatomic defects (Harrison, 2003).6 During the previous decade, 3 important trends pertaining to fetal therapy have emerged for congenital diaphragmatic hernia7. In the first trend, the surgeons moved away from total surgical repair of the anatomical defect, especially in those liver herniation where repair was technically difficult, and developed induction of lung growth by

Epicurean Hedonism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epicurean Hedonism - Essay Example It is this emphasis on unadulterated pleasure that has created a ruckus, but which is unfounded as will be shown. According to Epicurus, "Pleasure is our first and kindred good. It is the starting -point of every choice and of every aversion, and to it we come back, inasmuch as we make feeling the rule by which to judge of every good thing" (Qtd. from Cook). 1 He believes that the essential truth of this statement is so obvious, that it renders debate and reasoning unnecessary. It is his belief that we are born with an intimate knowledge of the fact that pleasure is good and pain evil; it is the skepticism which is an inevitable accompaniment of the ageing process that makes the truth so elusive for adults. However the pursuit of pleasure must be governed by temperance. A glutting of the senses with sensual delights can cause pain in the long run; therefore careful judgment must be exercised in order to derive the maximum pleasure that life has to offer. The fulfillment of desire is closely linked to gaining pleasure and Epicurus has a word of caution on the subject. There is pleasure in the satisfaction of desire, but more often than not this is short-lived as more desires take the place of the one that has been fulfilled and soon endless desire takes the form of an insatiable monster, which is hardly conducive to pleasure. Thus an effort must be made to curb desire; this is done by settling for the bare necessities and resisting the temptation to over-indulge oneself. Epicurus distinguishes between desires where "some are natural, others are groundless; and that of the natural some are necessary as well as natural, and some natural only" (Qtd. from Cook).2 Epicurus sets much store by wisdom, as it is ignorance which is responsible for a lack of understanding between good and evil that is the cause of so much misery and turmoil. Wisdom is the wellspring from which the virtues of prudence, courage and justice spring forth. The inherent values of these virtues are largely irrelelevant as the only purpose they serve is towards achieving happiness. Cicero puts this most succinctly, "we aim at these virtues in order to live without anxiety and fear and so far as possible to be free from pain of mind and body"(Qtd.from Cook).3 Epicurean philosophy is immensely valuable to the present day insofar as his arguments go towards overcoming the unreasonable yet prevalent fear of death. With death there is a cessation of sensation, therefore since it involves neither pain nor pleasure, it never has and never will pose a threat to the living. An understanding of this premise goes a long way in removing anxiety which throws an unpleasant pall over the future. Death according to Epicurus "is nothing to us, seeing that, when we are, death is not come, and, when death is come, we are not" (Qtd. from Cook). 4 Distinguishing Epicurean Hedonism from Cyrenaicism Much of the notoriousness surrounding Epicurean hedonism and the stigma of moral licentiousness, attached to it, when it fact it is rather a model of asceticism, stems from its doctrines often being confused with Cyrenaicism. Aristippus was the founder

Sport Utility Vehicle and Porsche Essay Example for Free

Sport Utility Vehicle and Porsche Essay 1. Do you think Porsche had to go through the product market of cars and SUV? Did she have other options at the time described in the Case? Based on an analysis of advantages and disadvantages What would you recommend the same point in time? We will use Porters forces model to consider the attractiveness of the product market entry of vehicles Luxury SUVs. Existing competitors most of the market share the SUV, the Porsche is in particular the United States. In 1998, there is fierce competition in the SUV in the U. S.. Beyond that, the more delicate segmentation of the product to market SUV Luxury cars, there is competition between the density of competitors. Total power of existing competitors is very high. Suppliers suppliers can be divided into two types of Porsche. The first type that supplies workers (Labor) and the other is external and parts manufacturing companies. The first type of power supplies working up to the geographic location of the factory workers organizations that exist there. The second type of supplier power is weak enough that you can switch between suppliers easily. Vision to take the case where vendors positioned themselves near the vehicle companies factories (p. 7 paragraph 1). Total staff strength depending on space, and comes as part of the consideration in choosing a plant. Total external production companies and power low power medium. Customers customers love the brand Porsche identify it with quality and prestige. Also known from surveys that customers expect of a Porsche SUV car. Target customers are willing to pay in advance to get a brand identified with quality and prestige, while Porsche will provide a quality car, not much bargaining power customers. Total power of customers low. Substitute products product substitution is a threat to SUV, is an increase trend of cost-effective small car consumes less fuel. It comes in a green trend, coupled with expectations of a rise in fuel prices could be a consideration to move from car-efficient SUV. However, we do not believe that the clientele of the Luxury SUV affected by intentional, that he had no financial problems, and aim luxury car is a statement. Total power of substitute products low. Potential competitors the entry barriers to product market luxury SUV vehicles very difficult. First need to know, instrumentation engineering, experience, a high equity to a new company enter the field. Secondly, it is hard to believe that customers will buy luxury cars from a company with no experience and reputation, so the chances of a new company to enter the luxury car market is very low. So the main risk is the potential competitors are companies from later visits to that product market. Likely that companies that are market vehicles, but not the luxury cars market, is likely to rally, but the transition from a mass production company branded luxury brand, is not trivial. However, even here we must have a reputation for quality and prestige, build brand and therefore not suitable for large company for mass production of cars can enter the field. The companies are a threat because weve listed competitors already exist. Total power of potential competitors is estimated very low. After examining the Porter by market forces, more than can be wisely decide on the attractiveness of the product market is cars Luxury SUVs. Weighting the forces, we can see that there is such a risk at the entrance to the market, but entering the market the SUV, which is considered the most attractive industry, can lead to tremendous growth in profits and the ability to Porsche. The company can use this market as leverage business growth, which could also contribute to establishing its position also on Porsches core business luxury sports cars. In our opinion, as long as the Porsche will provide a luxurious SUV with car performance without compromising quality, product market is attractive. Other alternatives that were to Porsche that point in time were available to the market the Sedans, the market entry Minivans or remain in the current situation. The first two alternatives are denied pretty quickly at the same time, the reasons that SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) is more appropriate product to Porsche than a luxurious family car or small truck of the type with the height and dimensions not sports. These cars less fit your companys image, so the better option faces the SUV. The third option of staying in the current situation constitutes a threat to herself, aiming to grow where there is no company, and a growing competitive market and not really backed away. Moreover, the product market Luxury SUVs, is pretty attractive based on analysis of Porters forces. In light of the above states that the most attractive alternatives in our opinion are the product market Luxury SUVs, or focus on core business of Porsche, which is expected to rise in the competition (another reference to the section on threats SWOT). SWOT analysis will make a recommendation to give a couple of alternatives to choose. Opportunities: * Segment the SUV most profitable industry on the 1990s. * Demand for SUVs, especially the U. S. , increasing with the years. In particular, is known to Porsche from surveys that customers are waiting for the companys SUV model. * Porsche segment sees the SUV as an opportunity to balance the risks of exchange rate of the deutsche mark (and future rate), relative to the U. S. dollar. Threats: * Damage to reputation and image of the Porsche, as a manufacturer of luxury sports cars and high-quality. * Some officials question the attractiveness of the segment the SUV, when there are forecasts for the small cars more economical fuel. * Sensitive to currency changes in the American market. * Product market in the crowded SUV. Estimated product market 2 million units. When in the category of the SUV has only one SUV estimated over 100,000 DM. * There are at increased assessments on Porsches core business. Audi intends to produce a car with similar qualities to Boxster, but the lower price (about 15%). * The competition in the market Luxury SUVs, which is controlled by the dominant Asian players Toyota, Honda, Nissan Omitesobishi Luxury SUVs models have provided the United States, Cadillac plans to spend its own model in 1999. * SUV performance and agility are not linked, that characterize the Porsche. * U. S. high tax forcing companies to buy more U. S. products (primarily related to production). Strengths: * To Porsche has a number of key strengths in manufacturing cars: Chassis, Performance, Design. * Wendelin Wieddking Director of estimated industry in Germany. Made a revolution at Porsche, and led her declining success. (See Appendices, making New Leadership). * Following transformation Porsches financial situation stable in 1998. * Porsche brand is very strong and linked prestige. Weaknesses: * Porsche is a small company in the industry, and investment for the entry segment high SUV (a sum of about $ 550 million). The failure model the SUV can lead to the collapse of the Porsche. * If and Porsche enter segment the SUV, then a Luxury segment, a product that targets a very limited market. After making SWOT analysis, our recommendation is to enter the market product of Luxury SUVs, aiming to market demand and have product in question. The Porsche is a strong and reputable company that can succeed in our opinion, also new, and think Porsche SUV can make a car luxurious quality you can get to market. In such a situation is a high profit potential, opportunity and growth strengthening the company. 2. Because of the success of the Boxster, the main production plant of Porsche at Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen headquarters located near the administration was working close to exceeding its capacity. Where do you think has put a new factory to build a model the SUV? How important is production workers in Germany (Made in Germany) for the new model? First well talk about the pros and cons of new model production in Germany than any other countrys production. Then talk about the advantages and disadvantages of each state, and finally be the best bet where to place the new plant. If so, the benefits of the production model SUV in Germany are: * Maintaining the reputation of the Porsche, and a product Made in Germany. * Supervision of the finished product. Disadvantages of manufacturing in Germany: * Uncertainty regarding how the dollar rate moves probably expected a weak euro. * Higher costs in Germany. * Restrictions stemming from the model in Germany social market economy that encourages social unity, but increases production costs. * Higher minimum wage. * Unions are strong. * Number of hours per year in Germany and lower than any other developed country. Foreign manufacturing advantages: * Can be said generally that the lower labor cost than the other possible states (we shall refer more in detail below). * Some countries are located geographically or by the market with high demand (eg production in the U. S. or Mexico) or from a central location in the area easily can be exported (eg Czech Republic). * Foreign production was not hit so far in society between 60 to 80 cars a year produced 911 model 1995 in Mexico. In addition to the Boxster in Finland also successfully produced. Disadvantages of foreign production; * Limited control over the finished product the company is more difficult to control the finished product is also sending engineers and production of foreign plants. * The product is Made in Germany it is mainly branding. To many people the fact that production is carried out in Germany attests to the quality and standards (listed next most prominent). Branding of the Made in Germany, giving the client a statement, and reduces the risk for unsuccessful product selection. * Culture and mental work in different countries around the world there are cultural differences, mentality about work. Several countries in the world is hard to meticulous standards of the German culture is known worldwide. In our opinion, when considering the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing model of the SUV, especially in light of the work that is known that only 70% of Porsche cars produced in Germany today, it seems that the lucrative outsourcing company. However, the need to examine in depth each country, to an unequivocal decision where to place the plant. Model production alternatives the SUV in other regions are: Finland, East Germany, South East Europe and North America. We will examine the advantages and disadvantages of each of the alternatives. Finnish company Valmet Benefits (p. 8 paragraph 3); * Rapid manufacturing (Fastest ramp-up) this is due to two main reasons. The first is the Finnish plant among the best on the market failed to meet the fast rhythms on the production and issue of production systems. The second reason is the introduction of the company Porsche factory, good infrastructure based in part on the production model of the Boxster. * Risk of new model production plant Finland is the lowest among all available options to produce other model plants. * Proven production capability good reputation in the market. Weaknesses: * The Finnish company Valmet dependency it is not just a single provider who can do muscle with Porsche, but also that the companys image and success depend on performance of Valmet, which outside the control of the company. East Germany Strengths: * Stamp of Made in Germany remains. * Cheaper labor force west of Germany in 1991 average wages in East Germany was 46. 7% of average wage in West Germany (p. 9 paragraph 4). * City of Leipzig access to two large ants, a new international airport, a long history of industrial production and institutions of higher education. Weaknesses: * Wages are still relatively high compared to other countries. * An experienced workforce is trained in export-oriented market. With respect to West Germany, East workforce is less skilled. In 1991, average productivity in East Germany is 31% of output in the West (p. 9 paragraph 4). * East Germanys infrastructure in poor condition. * The economic situation of East Germany was difficult, and to cope with inflation and the bank had set a high interest rate. All these difficulties had led to Germany to compete in export products. Slovakia: Strengths: * Cheap labor. * Cooperation with Volkswagen VW company will invest about 657 million cooperation. * One of the leading countries in the production of cars in Central and Eastern Europe. * Good location just an hour from Vienna. * Transport in the car industry. Weaknesses: * Identification of the company Porsche with Volkswagen Company, which is a form of mass production of cars and SUV vehicles selling at lower prices than the Porsche. Czech Republic: Strengths: * Relatively speaking labor cheap, trained and educated. Labor costs on average they are roughly about 10% of costs in western Germany. In 1998 the automobile industry in the Czech Republic there are approximately 4 dollars an hour (page 11 paragraph 2). * Tradition of manufacturing in the country. * Investment from foreign countries. * Bridgehead markets in East Central Europe. * A good basis for export the location of the Czech Republic allows export to European countries including Russia. * Relative to neighboring countries has a developed infrastructure, and density of cars and vendors. * Long hours 40 hour work week. Weaknesses: * Low product quality damage the reputation of Porsche excellence, and on behalf of the company created the best in its field. * In 1997, undermined political and economic situation; * GDP fell to 1. 2%. * Corona Czech has lost 21% of its value against the U. S. dollar. * Apart from investments (FDI) declined from $ 2. 5 million by 1995 to 1. 3 billion by 1997. * British rating company lowered the credit rating of the Czech Republic. * Many international companies had transferred their investments from the Czech Republic to other countries a trend that could itself cause a crisis or worse. North America USA. Strengths: * Location United States the main market segment of the car the SUV is the United States. U. S. factory location eliminates the U. S. export costs (taxes, etc. ), and lower transport costs meanings. In addition, the U. S. is a superpower economically and existing transportation routes to export from the United States to other countries. * U. S. demand for parts made German cars the vehicles most of the market the SUV is the U. S.. Demand for U. S. made parts creates restrictions on the company Porsche, which can be avoided if the company will open its U. S. manufacturing plant (p. 12 paragraph 1). * German companies are strong working relationships in the U. S. market April 1998, more Americans were working under the German companies or companies with partial ownership of German companies than any other country in the world. * Trend of other companies to open factories in the U. S. Monitoring the general trend of other companies in the industry can be profitable to keep up. Power production of many U. S. companies can create a density of carriers in the region, which can lower costs. Weaknesses: * American consumers prefer European cars (page 11 paragraph 6). * Previous German attempts to create a U. S.cars are inconclusive although there were several cases of success such as the BMW in the U. S. , but the relatively high number of failures. This fact testifies to the difficulties in establishing a factory in the U. S. and that the plant may flop in the U. S.. Relative to other countries where higher chance of success This is a significant disadvantage. What is the importance of production workers in Germany? In our opinion, the primary importance of production workers in Germany is the quality. People are willing to buy the Porsche brand, though more expensive priced brand aimed at competing with the quality and performance linked. If product quality is not reduced due to over production in another country, so we think there will be no harm for the new model. In addition, the new model is a segment of the SUVs, which advance the industry in another category, that is not in the same segment of sports cars. Sports cars are more expensive quality category What SUV, which is another factor that lowers the importance of production of the SUV in Germany. All of these factors we recommend Finland as new destination for the establishment of the Porsche factory. Finland guaranteed quality and quick production of a European country vehicles. In addition to existing working relationships between the Porsche to Valmet, easy decision making. We believe the final product quality level as good finish production in West Germany, but European stamp will remain on the product, and that no unnecessary risks that could affect the company reputation model make it difficult for manufacturing production workers initially controversial. Summarize the history of a director Porsche planning to increase production; This increase [could] only come in Finland. 3. Is the product of the transition to market cars the Porsche SUV stays true to the brand that built? What does the Porsche brand loyalty in 1998? First of all we describe the Porsche brand and its customers. Brand Porsche as we have noted previously identified with quality, prestige, performance and design. These characteristics allow the product despite its high production costs take a high premium and still make a profit. This fact is that customers who buy Porsche does not see the car just a mobile transport them from point to point. A customer buys a Porsche statement on the actual operation Lifestyle and money. Porsche cars for 1998 are to sports cars, which combine the rich clients garage along with other cars. Terrible entrance to the market the SUV, hes turning its customers high-middle class (as opposed to high), can create damage to the companys image. Customers who bought a Porsche sports cars so far, may fear that they will be identified now with a lower-class population, since part of buying Porsche is a statement you are a high economic status. In this situation, the company can go bald on both sides aiming high class customers will be another competitor to the company not be identified with a lower class, upper middle class customers will move to competitors, aiming they offer a similar product prices and lower prices. However, we think that customers are aware of the separation between the two. After all, this is the end all cars are different categories automotive industry. We think Porsche can stay true to the brand sports cars built for the market without the SUV hit it. To do this, it must continue the production of sports cars in those factories so far. In addition to press them to state and / or a strong point of sale market sports cars that make them unique techniques in those factories as it was before, and these actions should prevent the passage of the high economic status it was aimed at competing product as before. Implementation of the above will make differentiation between the sports cars to SUVs, so stay brand loyalty Porsche sports car market. Market the Porsche SUVs for the middle class to prove that although it was higher was last inferior category of Porsche sports cars, luxury vehicles are still a non-unique design and performance models of the world competing companies. Creating differentiation is consistent with creating a model the non-SUV factories in Germany. In our opinion, as long as good product quality will be maintained and a unique design characterized to develop loyalty to the Porsche model the SUV. It directed that a different customer segment than the segments customers of Porsche sports cars, and directs that the other vehicle category. So we believe that Porsche has remained loyal to the brand built, and that means brand loyalty Porsche in 1998, entering the market before the SUVs, primarily evident in the strength of the brand associated with luxury, quality, design, performance and lifestyle.

A Visit To A Jewish Synagogue

A Visit To A Jewish Synagogue Judaism is the oldest and one of the most practiced religions in the world. It was originated when God called Abraham and ordered him to take his people to Canaan, the Promised Land. There, it was signed like an agreement between God and the Jews because they were the chosen people to extend the law of God. It is considered Abraham the father of the Jews and Christians, because he descended from the Jewish people. Another important descendant in the origin of the religion was Moses, who were handed the tables of the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai. The source of the Jewish doctrine is divine in revelation contained in the Torah. It is also a guide of living. Judaism also has very complex purity laws of food. It is allow to eat all plant products, terrestrial animals if they are all ruminants with cloven-hoofed with the exception of the pork, the hare, the camel, etc. Birds are also allowed, all are permitted except the birds of prey. Also sea animals are allowed but only those fish that have scales and fins. In addition the animals must be slaughtered by an expert killer. He must followed all the rabbinical laws for killing, which require, among other things, the disgorging, for which the animal loses all his blood, food prohibit for the Jewish, and the detailed inspection of certain viscera to verify that the animal has no default to be prohibited. After that he must eliminate certain nerves and the fat. Finally, before cooking the meat it has to be treated with water and salt to miss the last traces of blood. In addition it i s important to separate at the time of cooking and eating, meat products and dairy products, also maintaining separate cooking tools for each group. The rabbi is an expert of the study of Torah, which also has obtained the certification to exercise it. His mission is to ensure that believer follows correctly the cult, ensure the implementation of the procedures and teaching, interpreting, implementing and always studying the Torah. He can occupy the position of spiritual leader of a synagogue, a community or a set of them. But regardless of the position, his authority will be determined not for reasons of hierarchy, on the contrary by the prestige given by his knowledge and recognition of it in Jewish society. The usual place of worship on the Jewish religion is the synagogue. Together with the Temple is the most important institution of Judaism. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem the synagogue became the center and central point of the religious Jewish life. It inherited many of the customs and rituals of the Temple but there were some of them that were prohibited because they were exclusive of the Temple, for example the prayer became the substitute for the sacrifices. Since many years ago to the functions of the synagogue as a center for prayer, study and teaching it also became as the center of community and place of meeting for treating all kinds of issues related to the community life. Also, in the synagogue or in its buildings there was everything necessary for the Jewish life, for example the headquarters of rabbinical court, the ritual bath, hospice for hosting travelers, among others. The religious service, established in the Talmud, has remained without basic changes along their 2,500 years of history, and only with time has suffered some extensions that vary between communities to others. In the synagogue it is held three times a day, at sunset, at sunrise and at noon, the prayers community in the presence of a minimum of ten (10) men older than thirteen (13) years. Besides the followers there is present the rabbi, where he reads aloud the texts of prayer. The worship prayers to God are all in Hebrew with some fragments are in Aramaic. They consist in passages of Psalms and other books of the Bible. In the service of Monday, Thursday, Saturdays and holidays it is read the Torah. In each week they read a section so the cycle of reading will be completed in the course of the year. The reading is follows by a passage of the biblical books of Prophets where they are related with the section of the Torah. During the prayer men must cover their head with any hat or skullcap. Also they cover themselves with a kind mantle of rectangular shape usually made of wool, white and blue stripes or black. Within the festive calendar the most important institution of Judaism is the sabat (Saturday), which reminds each week the divine resting in the seventh day. The celebration homeschooling starts before sunset on friday, lighting the housewife in the second house candelas sabbaticals on which should read the corresponding blessing. The meals, such as the remaining festivities, starting with a prayer of sanctification (quidà ºs) on a cup full of wine and another blessing on two loaves of bread. The evening of Saturday, another sentence parallel mark the separation (habdalà ¡) between the holy day just and profane that begins; it aspires the smell of spices stored in a bowl, lights a candle and drink a glass of wine, all accompanied by the blessings. Another of its festivals most famous in the Yom Kippur or Day of Atonement, which culminates the ten days of penitence of New Year (September). It is a day of reflection and repentance in which it must save fasting. The Yom Kippur (Day of forgiveness or of atonement) is the most solemn of the Jewish calendar and with it culminates the ten days of penitence initiated with the new Year. It is a day of fasting, devoted to repentance and to ask forgiveness of sins committed against God, against himself and against the neighbor; for forgiveness for the latter there to repair the damage caused, but without the repair and repentance are sufficient when the neighbor is a non-Jewish. The religious services in the synagogue last throughout the day; it starts with the sentence Kal nidrà ©, in which it seeks the annulment of the votes are not met, and closes with a touch of sofar. Of the ceremonies mandatory of the life cycle, the first is the circumcision (berit milà ¡) of the man jewish eighth day of his birth and provided that the health of the newborn permits, in a sign of the alliance (berit) of the people with God, as ordered Abraham in Gen 17.11-12. In the circumcision is imposed on the child a Hebrew name and must be performed a professional (mohel) with the necessary religious knowledge and skills. A month and a day of birth a firstborn, according to the law should devote themselves to God, performed the ceremony of pidià ³n haben (rescue of the child) the father it is deposited in the arms of a kohà ©n (priest) and then what recalls delivering a sum of money symbolic. The marriage ceremony consists of two consecutive stages: (a) the betrothal, with the consecration (quidusà ­n), in which the boyfriend placed in the finger of the bride gold ring, and the reading ritual of marriage contract and its provisions (cohen), among which are the obligations that the man takes on himself as a husband and compensation to be paid to women in the event of divorce; and (b) the remarriage (nisuà ­n), with the recitation of the seven blessings. During the ceremony the bride and groom remain under a palio (hupà ¡), which symbolizes the thalamus bridal, and the groom must break a glass placed their feet, act designed to evoke the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem. The 13 years the male jewish reaches the age of majority religious, that is, it becomes bar misvà ¡ (subject to the precepts), being from then responsible for their actions. In the holding the child sits for the first time the tallith and the tefilà ­n, and is traditional to be invited to the synagogue to read in the Torah the fragment that corresponds to it.

The Face of Exploitation in Public Health Essay -- International Healt

The Face of Exploitation in Public Health International public health policies attempt to reform the social and political systems which influence the health and safety of all citizens of the world. In the past, these policies have been created through the strong reliance on and exploitation of socially constructed systems of classification such as gender, sexuality, nationality, and economic class. It has been a system of correlation between the behaviors which seem prevalent within social groupings and chances that those behaviors will lead to disease transmition or infestation. In January 2004, the World Health Organization announced a radical change in their policies surrounding public health study and prevention in the 2004 World Report on violence and health. Instead of focusing on larger global and national trends, the WHO called for an expansion of policies and increase of resources which focused more on the experiences and support of individuals rather than groups. This value of individual experience holds extreme pr omise in the expansion and effectiveness of public health initiatives as well has changes many societal systems of classifications. However, there may be detrimental effects of this change that exploit the very subjects that they attempt to help. It is a question of forcing the private experience of disease into a public domain. Where are the lines of public verses private drawn? Public health by its very definition emphasizes public classification over the individual body. Its basic goal is to establish effective general health services that meet the minimum health requirements for a majority of people. With this general goal in mind, there are two major assumptions made within the formation of public ... ...ing: Questions of Appropriation and Subversion." Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex." 121-156.New York: Routledge, 1993. Delany, Samuel. "Aversion/Perversion/Diversion." Longer Views: Extended Essays. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1996 Foucault, Miachael. "We 'Other Victorians'" and "The Repressive Hypothesis."The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction.Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1980. Hoole, Francis. Politic and Budgeting in the World Health Organization. 2 Indiana Unniverstity Press. 1997. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. 3-44.New York: Basic Books, 1999. Siddiqi, Javed. World Health and World Politics; the World Health Organization and the UN System. 194-195. University of South Carolina Press. 1995

The ICU as an Effective Learning Environment Essay -- Nursing Reflecti

Learning is the lifelong process of transforming information and experience into knowledge, skills, behaviors and attitudes. It may occur as part of education, personal development or training. According to Hinchliff (1999), there are many factors that can give and affect the quality of learning such as students, teachers and the environment. Meanwhile, learning environment itself is the physical or virtual setting in which learning takes place. Hannafin, Land & Oliver (1999) described learning environment as a typically constructivist in nature, engaging learners in â€Å"sense-making† or reasoning about extensive resource set, including four components which are enabling context, resources, a set of tools and scaffolds. This paper is going to discuss the significance of my clinical area as a context for learning and how myself as practitioner can give to an effective learning environment. I have been a critical care nurse working in intensive care unit for almost seven years. I am graduated from local nursing school in 2002. At first, I worked on a regular hospital floor. One year later, I came to intensive care unit and obtained my intensive care post basic certificate in 2006. I was attracted to critical care nursing because of the challengers and the environment. Here in the intensive care unit my nursing skills and role continues to evolve. The intensive care unit is at a very strategic location and in the second floor where immediate transportation of patient is available from all departments and wards. The unit is staffed and equipped to a high standard to give quality care to the patient. The unit is divided into two adjacent clinical areas. Open plan area with ten bedded spaces and isolation room with two bedded spa... ... into people’s actions and feelings and can be a resource for helping people to improve their lives. The continuing in the students experiences at practice area are important in creating a welcoming learning environment. This can be achieved through a regular daily schedule and group support by involving staffs, unit sisters, doctors and specialists that have different level of knowledge and experiences. Finally, promoting a sense of community within the hospital and the practice area is an essential element to a welcome and supportive social climate. To end, this paper has identified my clinical area as context for learning in which it offers great learning opportunities although there are some limitations. A few recommendations have been highlighted to improve the quality of learning in the future.

Minority Movements Essay -- Politics, Civil Rights Movement

During the 1900’s many minority and ethnic groups including African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Women wanted to prove that they deserved equal rights, freedom of speech, the right to sexuality preference, and equal treatment for women. They formed several organizations under great leaderships during these movements in order to civil rights and equality. Along with great leaders, powerful organizations, and dedicated supporters, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and women were able to successfully obtain many rights despite constant opposition. [This looks like a strong thesis, but I am a bit puzzled how great leaders, powerful organizations, and dedicated supporters also obtained rights. The sentence is rather confusing as it stands now. You may want to revise to indicate that these were instrumental in helping the cause. Then, if you are going to talk about them, that topic should come first in your discussion.] African Americans were in constant pursuit of equality through the civil rights movement that began in the 1940’s (Roark 843). They fought against racial discrimination, segregation laws, and for the right to vote without prejudice. Discrimination led to exclusion from belonging to professional sports teams (Roark 843). During the post war era in 1947, a man by the name of Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play major league baseball within an integrated team called the Brooklyn Dodgers (Roark 843). Known as a sports pioneer of the civil rights movement, he led the Dodgers to six national league titles and one outstanding World Series despite constant harassment from white players and fans (Roark 843). Several civil rights leaders emerged during this movement (Roark 680). Dr. Ralph David... ...is president?] If you sincerely desire to forward the interest s of all people, why do you oppose the national enfranchisement of women (Scott 24)? The president could not respond. The president made a Pro –suffrage speech for the women who protested and the next year Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote in the year of 1918(Scott 24). All three minority groups used activities such as demonstrations to voice their opinions and stances to gain equal rights in America. Along with African Americans, Mexican Americans /Chicanos continued to be represented among the poor, and gradually won more political offices, effective enforcement of anti discrimination legislation, and greater respect for their culture (Roark 915). Mexican American like African Americans rejected traditional politics in favor of direct action (Roark 914). Minority Movements Essay -- Politics, Civil Rights Movement During the 1900’s many minority and ethnic groups including African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Women wanted to prove that they deserved equal rights, freedom of speech, the right to sexuality preference, and equal treatment for women. They formed several organizations under great leaderships during these movements in order to civil rights and equality. Along with great leaders, powerful organizations, and dedicated supporters, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and women were able to successfully obtain many rights despite constant opposition. [This looks like a strong thesis, but I am a bit puzzled how great leaders, powerful organizations, and dedicated supporters also obtained rights. The sentence is rather confusing as it stands now. You may want to revise to indicate that these were instrumental in helping the cause. Then, if you are going to talk about them, that topic should come first in your discussion.] African Americans were in constant pursuit of equality through the civil rights movement that began in the 1940’s (Roark 843). They fought against racial discrimination, segregation laws, and for the right to vote without prejudice. Discrimination led to exclusion from belonging to professional sports teams (Roark 843). During the post war era in 1947, a man by the name of Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play major league baseball within an integrated team called the Brooklyn Dodgers (Roark 843). Known as a sports pioneer of the civil rights movement, he led the Dodgers to six national league titles and one outstanding World Series despite constant harassment from white players and fans (Roark 843). Several civil rights leaders emerged during this movement (Roark 680). Dr. Ralph David... ...is president?] If you sincerely desire to forward the interest s of all people, why do you oppose the national enfranchisement of women (Scott 24)? The president could not respond. The president made a Pro –suffrage speech for the women who protested and the next year Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote in the year of 1918(Scott 24). All three minority groups used activities such as demonstrations to voice their opinions and stances to gain equal rights in America. Along with African Americans, Mexican Americans /Chicanos continued to be represented among the poor, and gradually won more political offices, effective enforcement of anti discrimination legislation, and greater respect for their culture (Roark 915). Mexican American like African Americans rejected traditional politics in favor of direct action (Roark 914).

Fish Oil Health Benefits

Fish oil health benefits are exaggerated, says a new study appearing in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. And yet, it warns, increased consumer demand for fish oil is pushing fish populations to the brink. Medical scientists from St. Michael's Hospital and the University of Toronto have teamed with researchers from the University of British Columbia's Fisheries Centre and author Farley Mowat to closely examine the effects of health claims with regard to seafood. For years, international agencies concerned with health and nutrition have promoted seafood consumption. â€Å"Our concern is that fish stocks are under extreme pressure globally and that studies are still urgently required to define precisely who will benefit from fish oil,† says Dr. David J. A. Jenkins, a doctor at St. Michael's Hospital and a professor at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine's Department of Nutritional Sciences. Further, if we decide that fish oil supplementation is necessary for good health, then unicellular sources of ‘fish oil' like algae, yeasts, etc, should now be used, as they are in infant formula,† adds Dr. Jenkins. While some studies have reported fish oil health benefits healthy benefits, others have failed to show a significant effect. But these negative studies are often ignored and the result has been increased demand for seafood by consumers in the developed world, often at the expense of food security in developing nations. Governments and industry tell consumers to eat more fish because it is healthy,† explains Rashid Sumaila, director of the Fisheries Economics Research Unit at UBC Fisheries Centre and study co-author. â€Å"But where do we get these fish? They are increasingly coming from the waters around Africa and other places where food security is a problem. † At best, fish oils are just one factor out of many that may reduce ailments such as heart disease and researchers found that people who do not eat fish, such as vegetarians, are not at increased risk of illness. Furthermore, dietary recommendations to consume more fish are incompatible with the sustainability of ocean ecosystems, according to a concurrent study recently published in the International Journal of Epidemiology. â€Å"For people in Canada or the US, or in the EU, eating fish is one of many possible options, both in terms of a tasty meal, and in terms of a balanced diet,† says UBC fisheries researcher Daniel Pauly. â€Å"For many people in developing countries, fish is often their only source of protein. It would be irresponsible for us to ‘triage' food sources without verifying that fish oil indeed promotes human health. † Farley Mowat, co-author on this study, adds: â€Å"In the immediate future, human beings are going to have to find better ways to live. Our rape and pillage of the environment has to end before it becomes our end. The damage we have already done to life in the oceans is a prime example of our idiocy, and a last warning that we had better change our ways. â€Å"

A Book Review on ‘A Man on the Moon’ Essay

Not all great authors can come up great educational book such as Andrew Chaikin’s ‘A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts’. Moreover, not all true-to-life-stories writers are lucky to deliver such factual account having first-hand information gained through interviews. As Chaikin have provided necessary details such as scientific technicalities, knowledge and feelings involved, running down from the role of politics, biographies, competitions, emotions, failures, accomplishments, trials, motives, sacrifices, faults, private thoughts and comments, up to the extent of constructing the blueprint, plans and programs of planetary explorations, his readers might not just be well-informed about it but completely aware of the ins and outs of manned space flight and landing on the moon. See more:Â  The Story of an Hour Literary Analysis Essay In this book, what the author wants is to expose most of the elements of the Apollo missions that only few people could know. He makes it possible as he did a thorough investigation of his craft. Doing a series of in-depth interviews to almost hundred percent of the people behind the Apollo missions especially the twenty four moon voyagers is never easy. Likewise, pretending that the time doing the interview is dramatically inflict as it is makes his audience feel very closely enough to the scenario if not apprehensively feel updated. Hence, to be hooked in this astonishing book is nothing but normal. The main argument of the author is set to make available for everyone his own discovery of the profound history behind the historical explorations and discoveries from the initial first manned flight of the Apollo 8 around the moon’s vicinity in 1961 to the successful first landing on the moon of the Apollo 11 in 1972 and even beyond that as he reveals reflections of the sixth landing on the moon of the Apollo 17, which is also the last landing as of today. This thesis is well-supported by first-hand interviews, academic reviews, scientific approach, and the legal and technical aspects which played very important roles in the Apollo missions’ golden age and its declination. Writing his work in a very comprehensible approach for easy reading and understanding of every historical detail paints the colorful adventures and voyages of every man and events behind the mission. Thus, it could also serve as a very rich reference for any research about space technology. Having been read ‘A Man on the Moon’ inspires me not to stop believing of my every potential. As Chaikin discloses man’s unlimited discoveries once ignite and properly supported of external factors, enlightens young minds to seek for the infinity. However, knowing that the final landing, as written on the book, happened decades ago can trigger the notion of stopping one’s eagerness to dream and explore. Personally, I could say that the book is not just a thought-provoking one but heart-stopping as well. With those vivid illustrations of the interviewees that are intelligently interpreted and written by the author, it could make me feel as if I myself have competed for the moon’s flight seat or even touched moon’s face. Therefore, making me feel reviving my innermost interest to liberate my wildest dream of becoming an astronaut is the best proof that this book is truly an amazing masterpiece. R E F E R E N C E Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Atronauts. New York: Penguin, 1998.

Error Correction Model

Introduction Exchange rates play a vital role in a county's level of trade, which is critical to every free market economies in the world. Besides, exchange rates are source of profit in forex market. For this reasons they are among the most watched, analyzed and governmentally manipulated economic measures. Therefore, it would be interesting to explore the factors of exchange rate volatility. This paper examines possible relationship between EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD exchange rates. For analyzing relationship between these two currencies we apply to co-integration and error correction model.The first part of this paper consists of literature review of the main concepts. Here we discussed autoregressive time series, covariance stationary series, mean reversion, random walks, Dickey-Fuller statistic for a unit root test. * The second part of the project contains analysis and interpretation of co-integration and error correction model between EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD exchange rates. Considering t he fact, that behavior of these two currencies has been changed during the crisis, we separately discuss three time series periods: * 1999 2013 * 1999 to 2008 * 2008 to 2013. ——————————–Autoregressive time series A key feature of the log-linear model’s depiction of time series and a key feature of the time series in general is that current-period values are related to previous period values. For example current exchange rate of USD/EUR is related to its exchange rate in the previous period. An autoregressive model (AR) is a time series regressed on its own past values, which represents this relationship effectively. When we use this model, we can drop the normal notation of Y as the dependent variable and X as the independent variable, because we no longer have that distinction to make.Here we simply use Xt. For instance, below we use a first order autoregression for the variable Xt. Xt=b0+b1*Xt-1+? t Covariance stationary series To conduct valid statistical inference we must make a key assumption in time series analysis: We must assume that the time series we are modeling is Covariance Stationary. The basic idea is that a time series is covariance stationary, if its mean and variance do not change over time. A covariance stationary series must satisfy three principal requirements. Expected value of the time series must be constant and finite in all periods. * Variance should be constant and finite. * The covariance of the time series with itself for a fixed number of periods in the past or future must be constant and finite. So, we can summarize if the plot shows the same mean and variance through time without any significant seasonality, then the time series is covariance stationary. What happens if a time series is not covariance stationary but we use auto regression model? The estimation results will have no economic meaning.For a non-covariance- stationary time series, est imating the regression with the help of AR model will yield spurious results. Mean Reversion We say that time series shows mean reversion if it tends to fall when its level is above its mean and rise when its level is below its mean. If a time series are currently at its mean reverting level, then the model predicts, that the value of the time series will be the same in the next period Xt+1=Xt. For an auto regressive model, the equality Xt+1 = Xt implies the level Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt or Xt = b0 / (1 – b1)So the auto regression model predicts that time series will stay the same if its current value is b0/(1 – b1), increase if its current value is below b0 / (1 – b1), and decrease if its current value is above b0 / (1 – b1). Random Walks A random walk is a time series in which the value of the series in one period is the value of the series in the previous period plus an unpredictable error. Xt = Xt-1 + ? t, E(? t)=0, E(? t2) = ? 2, E(? t, ? s) = 0 if t? s Th is equation means that the time series Xt is in every period equal to its value in the previous period plus an error term, ? , that has constant variance and is uncorrelated with the error term in previous periods. Note, that this equation is a special case of auto correlation model with b0=0 and b1=1. The expected value of ? t is zero. Unfortunately, we cannot use the regression methods on a time series that is random walk. To see why, recall that if Xt is at its mean reverting level, than Xt = b0/ (1 – b1). As, in a random walk b0=0 and b1=1, so b0/ (1 – b1) = 0/0. So, a random walk has an undefined mean reverting level. However, we can attempt to convert the data to a covariance stationary time series.We create a new time series, Yt, where each period is equal to the difference between Xt and Xt-1. This transformation is called first-differencing. Yt= Xt – Xt-1 = ? t, E (? t) = 0, E (? t2) = ? 2, E (? t, ? s) = 0 for t? s The first-differenced variable, Yt, i s a covariance stationary. First note, that Yt=? t model is an auto regressive model with b0 = 0 and b1 = 0. Mean-reverting level for first differenced model is b0/ (1 – b1) = 0/1 = 0. Therefore, a first differenced random walk has a mean reverting level of 0. Note also the variance of Yt in each period is Var(? ) = ? 2. Because the variance and the mean of Yt are constant and finite in each period, Yt is a covariance stationary time series and we can model it using linear regression. Dickey-Fuller Test for a Unit Root If the lag coefficient in AR model is equal to 1, the time series has a unit root: It is a random walk and is not covariance stationary. By definition all random walks, with or without drift term have unit roots. If we believed that a time series Xt was a random walk with drift, it would be tempting to estimate the parameters of the AR model Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt -1 + ? using linear regression and conduct a t-test of the hypothesis that b1=1. Unfortunately, if b1=1 , then xt is not covariance stationary and the t-value of the estimated coefficient b1 does not actually follow the t distribution, consequently t-test would be invalid. Dickey and Fuller developed a regression based unit root test based on a transformed version of the AR model Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt -1 + ? t. Subtracting xt-1 from both sides of the AR model produces xt- xt-1=b0+(b1-1)xt-1+ ? t or xt-xt-1 = b0 + g1xt-1+ ? t, E(? ) = 0 where gt = (b1-1). If b1 = 1, then g1 = 0 and thus a test of g1 = 0 is a test of b1 = 1. If there is a unit root in the AR model, then g1 will be 0 in a regression where the dependent variable is the first difference of the time series and the independent variable is the first lag of the time series. The null hypothesis of the Dickey-Fuller test is H0: g1 =0 that is, that the time series has a unit root and is non stationary and the alternative hypothesis is Ha: G1 ; 0, that the time series does not have a unit root and is stationary.To conduct the test, on e calculates a t- statistic in the conventional manner for g(hat)1 but instead of using conventional critical values for a t- test, one uses a revised set of values computed by Dickey and Fuller; the revised set of critical values are larger in absolute value than the conventional critical values. A number of software packages incorporate Dickey- Fuller tests. REGRESSIONS WITH MORE THAN ONE TIME SERIES Up to now, we have discussed time-series models only for one time series. In practice regression analysis with more than one time-series is more common.If any time series in a linear regression contains a unit root, ordinary least square estimates of regression test statistics may be invalid. To determine whether we can use linear regression to model more than one time series, let us start with a single independent variable; that is, there are two time series, one corresponding to the dependent variable and one corresponding to the independent variable. We will then extend our discuss ion to multiple independent variables. We first use a unit root test, such as the Dickey-Fuller test, for each of the two time series to determine whether either of them has a unit root.There are several possible scenarios related to the outcome of these test. One possible scenario is that we find neither of time series has a unit root. Then we can safely use linear regression to test the relations between the two time series. A second possible scenario is that we reject the hypothesis of a unit root for the independent variable but fail to reject the hypothesis of a root unit for the independent variable. In this case, the error term in the regression would not be covariance stationary.Therefore, one or more of the following linear regression assumptions would be violated; 1) that the expected value of the error term is 0. 2 that the variance of the error term is constant for all observations and 3) that the error term is uncorrected across observations. Consequently, the estimated regressions coefficients and standard errors would be inconsistent. The regression coefficient might appear significant, but those results would be spurious. Thus we should not use linear regression to analyze the relation between the two time series in this scenario.A third possible scenario is the reverse of the second scenario: We reject the hypothesis of a unit root for the dependent variable but fail to reject the hypothesis of a unit root for the independent variable. In the case also, like the second scenario, the error term in the regression would not be covariance stationary, and we cannot use linear regression to analyze the relation between the two time series. The next possibility is that both time series have a unit root. In this case, we need to establish where the two time series are co-integrated before we can rely on regression analysis.Two time series are co-integrated if a long time financial or economic relationship exists between them such that they don’ t diverge from each other without bound in the long run. For example, two time series are co-integrated if they share a common trend. In the fourth scenario, both time series have a unit root but are not co-integrated. In this scenario, as in the second and third scenario above, the error term in the linear regression will not be covariance stationary, some regressions assumptions will be violated, the regression coefficients and standard errors will not be consistent, and we cannot use them for the hypothesis tests.Consequently, linear regression of one variable on the other would be meaningless. Finally, the fifth possible scenario is that both time series have unit root, but they are co-integrated in this case, the error term in the linear regression of one term series on the other will be covariance stationary. Accordingly, the regression coefficients and standard errors will be consistent, and we can use them for the hypothesis test. However we should be very cautious in interp reting the results of regression with co-integrated variables.The co-integrated regression estimates long term relation between the two series but may not be the best model of the short term relation between the two series. Now let us look at how we can test for co-integration between two time series that each have a unit root as in the last two scenarios above. Engle and Granger suggest this test: if yt and xt are both time series with a unit root, we should do the following: 1) Estimate the regression yt = b0 + b1xt + ? t 2) Test whether the error term from the regression in Step 1 has a unit root coefficients of the regression, we can’t use standard critical values for the Dickey – Fuller test.Because the residuals are based on the estimated coefficients of the regression, we cannot use the standard critical values for the Dickey- Fuller test. Instead, we must use the critical values computed by Engle and Granger, which take into account the effect of the uncertaint y about the regression parameters on the distribution of the Dickey- Fuller test. 3) If the (Engle – Granger) Dickey- Fuller test fails to reject the null hypothesis that the error term has a unit root, then we conclude that the error term in the regression is not covariance stationary.Therefore, the two time series are not co-integrated. In this case any regression relation between the two series is spurious. 4) If the (Engle- Granger) Dickey- Fuller test rejects the null hypothesis that the error term has a unit root, then we conclude that the error term in the regression is covariance stationary. Therefore, the two time series are co-integrated. The parameters and standard errors from linear regression will be consistent and will let us test hypotheses about the long – term relation between the two series. .If we cannot reject the null hypothesis of a unit root in the error term of the regression, we cannot reject the null hypothesis of no co-integration. In this sc enario, the error term in the multiple regressions will not be covariance stationary, so we cannot use multiple regression to analyze the relationship among the time series. Long-run Relationship For our analysis we use EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD exchange rates with respect to AMD from 1999 to 2013 with monthly bases. After estimating the normality of these time series we found out that the normality has rejected.We got right skewness result and to correct them we used log values of exchange rates. Studying the trade between Armenia and Europe or Great Britain we found out that there is almost no trade relationship between them. Besides we assume, that Armenian Central Bank keeps floating rate of AMD. Taking into consideration these two factors the impact of AMD is negligible to have an essential influence on EUR/GBP rate. That is why we assume that the next models we will build show the relation between EUR and GBP. Graph 1 represents movement of EUR/AMD ; GBP/AMD since 1999 to 2013.From it we can assume that these two currencies have strong long run relationship until Global Financial Crisis. As a result of shock in 2008 the previous relationship has been changed. However, it seems to be long term co-movement between the currencies. To accept or reject our conclusions we examine exchange rates until now including Global Financial Crisis, without crisis and after crisis. Co-integration of period from 1999 to 2013 To be considered as co-integrated the two variables should be non-stationary. So the first step in our model is to check the stationarity of variables by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test.EViews has three options to test unit-root: * Intercept only * Trend and Intercept * None From the first graph it is visible, that the sample average of EUR/AMD time series is greater than 0, which means that we have an intercept and it should be included in unit-root test. Although, series goes up and down, data is not evolving around the trend, we do not have increasing or decreasing pattern. Besides, we can separately try each of the components and include trend and intercept, if they are significant. In the case of EUR/AMD the appropriate decision is only intercept. Table 1. 1Table 1. We see it from the Table 1. 1, where Augmented Dickey-Fuller test shows p-value of 0. 1809 and as we have decided to use 5% significance level, Null Hypothesis cannot be rejected, which means there is a unit root. So, EUR/AMD exchange rate time-series is non-stationary. The same step should be applied with GBP/AMD exchange rates. We have estimated it and found out, that Augmented Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 3724, which gives us the same results, as in the previous one: the variable has unit root. Since, the two variables are non-stationary, we can build the regression model yt = b0 + 1xt + ? t (Model 1. 1) and use et residuals from this model. So, the second step is to check stationarity for these residuals. Here we should use Eagle Granger 5% critic al value instead of Augmented Dickey Fuller one, which is equal to -3. 34. Comparing this with Augmented Dickey-Fuller t-Statistic -1. 8273. Here minus signs should be ignored. So, comparing two values, we cannot reject Null Hypothesis, which means residuals have unit-root, they are non-stationary. This outcome is not desirable, which means the two variables are not co-integrated.Co-integration till crisis period (1999-2008) Referring back to graph 1, we assume that in 1999-2013 time series two variables are not co-integrated because of shock related to financial crisis. That is why it will be rational first to exclude data from 2008 to 2013 and then again check co-integration between two variables. Here the same steps should be applied as in checking co-integration for time series from 1999 to 2013. For time series from 1999 to 2008, for EUR/AMD exchange rate, Augmented Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 068. From the p-value it is clear that we cannot reject Null Hypothesis, which m eans it has a unit root. Having unit root means EUR/AMD exchange rate time-series is non-stationary. Now we should test stationarity of GBP/AMD exchange rates. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 2556, which means the variable is non-stationary. Since, the two variables are non-stationary, we should build the regression model and using residuals check stationarity. Table 2. 1 In the table above Augmented Dickey Fuller t-test is 3. 57 and so greater than Eagle-Granger 5% significance level critical value 3. 34. That is why we can reject Null Hypothesis and accept Alternative Hypothesis, which means that residuals in regression model has no unit root. Consequently, they are stationary and we can conclude, that EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD time series are co-integrated: have long run relationship. As the variables such as EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD are co-integrated, we can run the error correction model (ECM) as below D(yt) = b2 + b3*D(xt) + b4*Ut-1 +V (Model 1. 2) * D(yt) and D(xt) are fi rst differenced variables b2 is the intercept * b3 is the short run coefficient * V white noise error term * Ut-1 is the one period lag residual of ? t . Ut-1 is also known as equilibrium error term of one period lag. This Ut-1 is an error correction term that guides the variables of the system to restore back to equilibrium. In other words, it corrects this equilibrium. The sign before b4 or the sign of error correction term should be negative after estimation. The coefficient b4 tells as at what rate it corrects the previous period disequilibrium of the system.When b4 is significant and contains negative sign, it validates that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship among variables. After estimating Model 1. 2, short run coefficient value b3 has been 1. 03 and was found significant. And b4, the coefficient of error term has been 5. 06 percent meaning that system corrects its previous dis-equilibrium at a speed of 5. 06% monthly. Moreover, the sign of b4 is negative and s ignificant indicating that validity of long run equilibrium relationship between EUR and GBP.Co-integration during crises period (2008-2013) Now is the time to check stationarity of variables in the period after crisis by the same way as we did above. From the ADF test it is clear that the two variables are non-stationary, after which we can construct ADF ; Eagle Granger test for residuals. However, because of ADF t-statistic is smaller, than Eagle Granger critical value, we could not reject that the residuals have unit-root. So, they are non-stationary and co-integration does not exist between the two currencies.

Interview with an Older Adult

Virginia Western Community College Practical Nursing Program Spring 2013 NUR 135-PN Drug Dosage Calculation Review of Problem Areas Reconstitution of Non-injectable Solutions Prepare the following nutritional solutions for the designated time period. 1. Order: 1/2 strength Isomil 6 oz. p. o. q4h for 24 hours. How much formula and water will you use to prepare a 24-hour supply of feeding? 2. Order: 1/2 strength Ensure 8 oz via nasogastric tube to be given over 8 hrs. How much formula and water will you use to prepare this feeding? 3. Order:1/4 strength Jevity 300 mL via G-tube q6h.How much formula and water is needed to prepare enough feeding for your 8-hour shift? 4. Order: 400 mL of 1/4 strength Ensure over 6 hours via nasogastric tube. Supply: Ensure 240 mL cans. How much formula and water is needed to prepare this feeding? 5. Order: Irrigate wound with 50 mL of 1/2 strength hydrogen peroxide and normal saline q4h while awake. How much hydrogen peroxide and NS will you use to prepa re this solution for each treatment? 6. Order: 1/2 strength Ensure 16 ounces by gastrostomy tube over 4 hrs. Add ________mL of Ensure and ______mL of water to make the desired solution. 7. Order: 3/4 strength Sustacal 400 mL p. . q. i. d. Add _________mL of Sustacal and ______mL of water to make the desired solution. IV Calculations 1. Order: 500 mL NS IV to infuse @ 250 mL/hr. The IV tubing has a drop factor of 10 gtt/mL. You do not have an IV pump available. Calculate the drops per min you would set this IV to run. 2. Order: 1 L of O. 9% NaCl IV to infuse over 6 hours. You will use a microdrop set to administer the IV fluid. What is the flow rate in gtts/min? 3. Order: 1000 mL 0. 45% NaCl to infuse over 12 hours. At what flow rate will you set the infusion pump? 4. Order: Kefzol 1. 5 g IV PB diluted in 100 mL D5W to infuse in 20 min.You are using a 10 drop/mL set. What is the flow rate in gtt/min? 5. Order: Ancef 2 g in 100 mL D5W IVPB in 30 min to be administered by infusion pump . At what rate do you set the infusion pump? Pediatric Dosage 1. Order: Phenobarbital 45 mg p. o. b. i. d. Child’s weight 35 lb. Recommended dosage is 6 mg/kg/day q12h Supply dosage: Phenobarbital 50 mg/mL How many milliliters should be given per q12h dose? _________ 2. Gentamicin 45 mg IV q8h is ordered for a child weighing 45 lb. Recommended dosage is 6 to 7. 5 mg/kg/day in three divided dosages. The available supply of gentamicin is 100 mg/mL.How many mL of gentamicin should be given per dose? __________ 3. Order: Penicillin VK 56 mg/kg/day p. o. in 4 divided doses Child’s weight is 55 lbs. Available: Penicillin VK 125 mg/5 mL How many milliliters should be given per dose? _________ 4. Order: Rocephin 200 mg q8h p. o. Supply: Rocephin 500 mg/mL Recommended dosage is 75-150 mg/kg per day Child weighs 15. 4 lb Is this a safe order? If safe, how many milliliters should be given per dose? _________ 5. Order: SoluMedrol 1. 5 mg/kg is ordered for a child weighing 74. 8 lb s. Supply: SoluMedrol 125 mg/2 mL How many milliliters should the nurse administer? ________ Reconstitution of Injectable Solutions 1. Order: Kefurox 0. 75 g IV q12h Available: [pic] a. How many milliliters of diluent will you add to reconstitute the solution? _____ b. How many milliliters will you administer? _____ 2. Order: Ancef 0. 275 g IM q6h (See label below. ) a. Reconstitute with _______mL diluent b. What is the dosage strength of the prepared solution? _________ c. Give: ________ [pic] 3. Order: cefazolin 450 mg IM q. 8h (See label below. ) a. Reconstitute with ________mL diluent. b. What is the dosage strength of the prepared solution? __________ c. Give: _____________ pic] 4. Order: Penicillin G potassium 450,000 units IM at 7am Available: [pic] a. What is the total dosage strength of the vial? _____ b. Which concentration would be appropriate to mix for the ordered dose? _____ c. How much diluents must be added to make the appropriate concentration? _____ d. How many mil liliters will you administer? ________ Conversions 1. gr v = ________mg 2. 15 mg = gr ________ 3. 40 mg = gr ________ 4. gr 1/5 = _______ mg 5. gr 1/150 = _______ mg 6. 50 mg = gr ________ 7. 5 lbs 12 ounces = ______kg 8. 18 lb = ________kg 9. 24. 2 kg = ________ lb 10. 6 lb 4 oz = ________kg