Present savalescu's argument harmless wrogdoing using the nuclear Essay

Present savalescu's argument harmless wrogdoing using the nuclear acident case - Essay Example The professor equates the case of the nuclear accident to selection of embryos otherwise referred to as procreative beneficence (Mills, 65). He argues that a poor country can invest in nuclear energy in order to provide heat and light. Nuclear energy then changes the citizen’s lifestyle since citizens can now enjoy their lives more by staying awake for longer periods. After sometime, a break down in the nuclear plant emits radiations to the environment and causes harm to the population. Majority of children born after the nuclear accident suffer pregnancy complications and physical abnormalities. Savalescu points out that objecting the nuclear accident is like admitting to harmless wrongdoing. He argues that children born after the nuclear accident would not have been born if the government did not invest in the nuclear plant. He argues that the nuclear accident was wrong but the population not severely harmed unless of death cases. According to Savalescu, if the population ob jected the accident then they have no right to object his concept of procreative beneficence. According to Holland (81), Savalescu justifies killing in order to save lives. ... Savalescu argument in relation to nuclear accident refers to using â€Å"preimplantation genetic diagnosis† (PGD) to select genes not affected by the nuclear accident. Nuclear accident not only results to body abnormalities, but also affects future generations. Nuclear accident affects the genetics composition of adults’ genes, which can affect future generations by inheriting the undesired genes (Mills, 27). In this case, Savalescu calls for use of the PGD to select embryos while destroying the nuclear affected embryos. However, the use of PGD is only possible when used with in-vitro fertilization (IVF) where fertilization of the ova and the sperm cells occurs outside the body before implanted into the female’s body. Savalescu arguments for harmless wrongdoing are logical since it may result to improvement of a child’s life. According to Savalescu, nuclear affected genes may affect the lives of the born children. This is because; the children born will ha ve physical abnormalities hence may not live a good life. According to Oakley (192), applying Savalescu theory of selection of embryos may help to prevent the unborn child from living a miserable life. Parents can prevent their children from the effects of the nuclear emissions by selecting the non-affected genes. This helps to control the effects of the nuclear accident by preventing the inheritance to future generations. Savalescu’s arguments help in evaluating the embryos with the highest chances of survival (Mills, 66). Procreative beneficence is crucial in evaluating the best genes that are likely to survive and live the best life. The parents then neglect the weaker genes that are not likely to survive. This will ensure the elimination of the problem of infant mortality

Drawing upon two research-based source documents, identify one Essay

Drawing upon two research-based source documents, identify one contemporary issue in HRM and critically analyse how these source - Essay Example The theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management, on the other hand, provide a guide to a clear distinction of strategic human resource management and human resource according to McNeill and Chapman (2005, p. 98). They provide a review of theories that can be applied to elaborate strategic human resource management. The study aims to make a distinction between strategic human resource management and human resource management. The issue addressed by these two studies is strategic human resource management. These studies aim to provide further information on the issue of strategic to human resource management. The concept of strategic human resource management as addressed by the two studies is a contemporary issue in human resource management. In order to attain goals and objectives in an organization, it is essential to employ the concept of strategic human resource management. The importance of strategic human resource management and its application is addressed by the two studies. Strategic human resource management is a concept within the broad subject of human resource management. Strategies of human resource management incorporate the concept of strategic management in the planning and utilization of human resource. In order to improve efficiency in an organization, it is essential to use the concept of strategic human resource management in addition to the basic human resource management. Strategic human resource management implements changes to human resource management. This ensures a clear understanding of issues in order to sustain a competitive advantage and accomplish the desired results. Strategic human resource management involves the use of proper management tactics in order to meet the organizations best goals. Human resource management is the focus on aspects that affect employees and provide safety incentives and information in order to ensure productivity of employees. Strategic human resource management, on the other hand , provides a work environment and strategies that ensure that employees provide their services with consideration of the objectives of the business (Greer, 2001, p. 85). Even though strategic human resource management sometimes perceived as an independent issue for human resource management, it is necessary to note that the issue is within the broader subject of human resource management. Strategic human resource management requires that principles of human resource management employed before the adoption of strategic human resource management. It is, therefore, noteworthy that strategic human-resource management is an issue within the broader context of human resource of management. The theoretical frame work adopted by the study in the Journal of management applies micro level production to the theories to the human resource management field – therefore, a descriptive one. The method employed explains the concept of the study. The study adopts six theoretical models organiz ation with theories in economics and finance. The theories support the concept of strategic Human-resource management and connect human resource management activities proactive and strategically aimed decisions. The study of the impact of strategic human resource of management of the organizational success, on the other hand, uses the knowledge advancement theory to establish the competitive advantage as well as planned for the organization’

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay The term character can be applied in several ways. It can mean either a physical being, or to their total pattern of behavior. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, one is used to complement the other. He often uses certain physical characteristics to dictate exactly how the person is going to act*. This is most evident in the Summoners Tale. The Summoner is ugly, with a scary face, but also turns out to have a very ugly personality, between his job, attitudes, and values, which come out through his physical descriptions. **.Chaucers use of physical characteristics is most obvious in the Summoners Tale. The Summoner is a scary sight, but not only because he looks so hideous. He also has a hideous job- a summoner is a kind of religious bounty hunter. He seeks down people that need to do their penances and make sure they do them. He is described as having acne so bad no quicksilver, lead ointment, tartar creams,/ no brimstone, no boracic, so it seems,/ could make a salve to cure his whelks of knobby white. So, when people saw him coming, they would already be repulsed simply by his physical image. However, if they knew who he was, they would also be afraid that he was coming to get them. So, he is scary in more than one way. His behavior is as ugly as his face. Questio quid juris was his tag. The Latin phrase questio quid juris means the question is, what is the point in law? He is supposed to be upholding the Churchs law, but was known to turn his back (for a fee). Finally, he was an extortionist, with a heart as black as his beard. He would learn peoples secrets and then tell them he would tell the Church. They would pay him to keep his mouth shut. Sometimes he even set them up with a girl for wine. Chaucers image of the Summoner with his face on fire helps describe his fiery attitudes, even though it directly refers to his facial features. He is prone to drunken rages, often spouting Latin phrases and arguing with people. In fact, his whole tale is told because he was mad at the Friar for insulting him. He is very argumentative, and vulgar. He tells a crude story about the afterlife of Friars, in revenge for the Friars Tale, as way of prologue into his tale. Even his tale is about a greedy Friar, who is so desperate he looks beneath a sick mans buttocks for something hidden there for secrecy. Upon receiving a loud fart, he is shocked, but what else can  he have expected? According to the Summoner, Friars are greedy and stupid, a very immature attempt to gain revenge on the Friar, demonstrating how vindictive he is. Finally, he does not believe in the traditional values of medieval Christianity, although he is supposed to be one of its proponents. He is described as having a garland set upon his head, leading the reader into believing he is a homosexual. He allows men to commit sins, like adultery, without punishment as long as they paid him. Usually he took his payments in the form of wine, but also accepted cash. Why hed allow -just for a quart of wine- / any good lad to keep a concubine/ a twelvemonth! He was very corrupt, a common theme in Chaucers clergy. By accepting bribes to keep his mouth shut, he was essentially blackmailing the men of the community, instead of telling someone like he was supposed to. As his description says he Sang deep seconds to [the Pardoners] song, a love song. He has a deep voice, and is singing harmony to the Pardoner, suggesting their relationship is more than business related. Homosexuality was almost a sin in the Middle Ages, but for one who was supposed to make other pay for their sins he had a propensity for disregarding them. As he pleased the man could bring duress/ on any young fellow in the diocese/ he knew their secrets, they did what he said. He held them in fear of being cursed, and leave them no hope for salvation, by dangling their sins over their heads. So they must do as he says. A Medieval man is not supposed to cause others harm, but try to help them. In fact, his job was to try to save them by making sure they atoned for their sins and gained entry into heaven. So even by the nature of his job, he isnt holding to traditional values. In conclusion, Chaucer effectively sketched the character of the Summoner, using physical traits to attempt to analyze the underlying traits of the character. The reader can become very familiar with who he is (liar, drinker, extortionist) simply by the way Chaucer describes him physically (ugly, large pimples and boils on his face), even though the image is backed up by the characters own actions (drinking, letting young men commit adultery and other sins).

The United States and World War I

The United States and World War I Mohammad Mian On April 6th, 1917, the United States of America entered the First World War in support of the Allied powers, most notable of whom were Russia, Britain, and France.[1] Americas declaration of war on the Central Powers, led by Germany and Austria-Hungary, was largely due to the indiscriminate targeting of Americas passenger and merchant vessels by German submarines.[2] In early 1917, British intelligence notified the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, of an intercepted German telegram which encouraged Mexico to invade the United States.[3] The intercepted telegram convinced Wilson of the threat posed to the United States by Germany, and he declared war on Germany in April 1917.[4] After the United States entrance into the First World War, various American news organizations published articles in support of the war effort, often stressing the nations vital role in any foreseeable allied military and naval offensives. One such news organization was The New York Times. On December 31st, 1917, the New York Times published Allies Rely on Us for Decisive Aid, which was authored by Charles H. Grasty. Grastys article stressed the importance of the United States to any future successful Allied operations against Germany on the Western front.[5] Furthermore, Grasty contended that a positive outcome for the Allies in the war could only to be achieved once the American navy defeated German submarines in the Atlantic.[6] Thus, he argued in favour of Americas role in the war, as he considered any future Allied success to be dependent on the might of the United States army and navy.[7] Consequently, Grastys publication reflected the predominant view among Americas leading politicians in 1917 and 1918 that the First World War was a conflict to which the United States leadership on the Western front and in the Atlantic was vital.[8] His ability to precisely identify and address the major weaknesses of the Allies, as well as the use of subheadings to effectively organize his thoughts and ideas, were the strengths of the article. However, a bias in favour of the United States leadership in the war, and an inability to contextualize the military situation of the Allies at the beginning of 1918, were the primary shortcomings of Grastys article. Allies Rely on Us for Decisive Aid reflected the predominant view among American politicians in 1917 and 1918 that Allied victory in the First World War would solely depend on the decisiveness of the United States military and naval leadership in the war. In the article, Grasty stated A year ago Europe was bitter against President Wilson for utterance then wrongly construed as friendly to Germany. Today Europe looks to him for leadership and even now awaits word from Washington as to whether and how to proceed towards unity of control.[9] He stressed the importance of Americas leadership to the Allied war effort, as the European belligerents were now turning to the United States for advice and guidance.[10] Similarly, he argued Every calculation includes America as the chief factor. Unless there should come peace by negotiation, Americas military resources in men, material, money and moral support will settle the war if it is to be settled by whipping Germany.[11] This particular pas sage reflected Grastys view that an Allied victory in the war could only be achieved with American leadership, as he considered the United States military and economy to be the factor which would lead to a decisive end to the war in favour of the Allies.[12] Thus, the article reflected the belief that the Uniteds states had a vital role to play in the First World War, which prevailed among many of Americas leading politicians, most notable of whom was former President Theodore Roosevelt.[13] The confidence in Americas wartime leadership displayed by Grasty allowed him to precisely identify the weaknesses of the Allies in the First World War throughout his article. Grastys discussion of the Allies weaknesses was a strength of his article, as doing so lent credibility to his claim that the Americas participation in the war would turn the tide in favour of the allies. Accord to Grasty, two of the major weaknesses of the Allied powers were their inability to counter the German submarine threat, as well as their inability to quell internal dissension in Russia.[14] The German submarines, known as U-Boats, attacked and destroyed Allied vessels.[15] Regarding the veracity of German submarine warfare, Grasty stated The Prime Minister having definitely and wisely abandoned his over-optimistic policy, the public is beginning to realize how deadly serious is the submarine situationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It can not be stated often or too emphatically that the war depends primarily on the success or failure of the submarine operation, and that what has already been accomplished against the U-Boat [By the U.S.] is important chiefly for what it promises in future accomplishment.[16] In this passage, Grasty referred to the failure of the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George, to realize the seriousness of the German submarine attacks on allied shipping.[17] He went on to stress the importance of the United States to the submarine operations and war effort. By addressing the failure of the European Allies to counter the German submarine threat, Grasty was attempting to portray them as being incapable of winning the without the United States. Another weakness of the allies touched upon by Grasty was the internal dissension within Russia. Although Grasty did not mention the Russian Revolution, his article implied that Russia was engulfed in great turmoil Allied Europe closes the books and balances its year by a net loss on the operating side and a net gain in assets by so much as America is better than Russia as a fighting allyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The Allies knew a year ago was a huge mine, with the fuse lighted to blow them up, but nobody flew to the rescue with man-fashion strenuousityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Perhaps the Allies will drift again as they did about Russia.[18] Ultimately, he was right about Russia, as the Communist revolution in 1917 led to the nations departure from the war and surrender with signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.[19] By downplaying Russias importance to the Allies, Grasty sought to portray the United States as a nation which would change the Allies fortunes in the war. Aside from discussing the weaknesses of the Allies in his article, Grastys effective use of subheadings to organize his thoughts and ideas was another strength of his article. Grastys use of subheadings in his article effectively organized his thoughts and ideas. The four subheadings used by Grasty were Two Vital Questions, Shipping Squeeze to Be Severe, The Western Front, and Alls Looking to America.[20] Under each of these subheadings, Grasty discussed a different subject. Under Two Vital Questions for example, Grasty discussed the major issues facing the Allies, such as the internal dissension in Russia and the threat posed by the Submarines to the Allied war effort.[21] He then went on to discuss the impact of German submarine attacks on Allied shipping under Shipping Squeeze to Be Severe.[22] Finally, he discussed the situation on the Western front under The Western Front, and concluded by mentioning the importance of American leadership to the Allies under Alls Looking to America.[23] Grastys use of subheadings allowed readers to gain a thorough understanding of the document, as his ideas were well organized. Despite the excellent organization, the a rticle was biased in favour of American leadership during the war, and it lacked adequate historical context. Throughout his article, Grasty was biased in favour of Americas leadership in the First World War. He often downplayed the Allied command by placing an emphasis on their mistakes, such as Lloyd Georges failure to deal with the threat of German submarine warfare.[24] At the conclusion of the article, he stated America is looked to deal with every large phase of preparation with the same far-seeing and whole seeing that had just been shown in taking over the railroads-an action applauded in every quarter here as showing President Wilsons firm and enlightened will to win. And, finally, America is expected to profit by her own and the Allied blundering.[25] Grastys conclusion was evidence of his bias in favour of Americas leadership as he considered America to be in charge of Allied preparations, all the while the remaining Allies were blunderers. Another weakness of Grastys article was his failure to contextualize historical information. Grasty failed to provide a historical context for some of the events discussed in his article. The most notable event which he failed to contextualize was the Russian Revolution. Although Grasty referred to Russia as a huge mine, with the fuse lighted to blow them up, he did not elaborate on the events which engulfed the nation.[26] Had Grasty discussed a few notable details of the Russian Revolution, his article would have had more historical substance. Another historical detail which Gratsy failed to contextualize was the submarine warfare of the Germans. While he did discuss the German submarine operations, Gratsy failed to mention why and how they were destructive to the Allied war effort. Furthermore, he also did not mention any statistics regarding the amount of Allied ships lost to the German submarines. Overall, the lack of historical contextualization decreased the quality of Grastys article. Charles H. Grastys Allies Rely on Us for Decisive Aid expressed the dominating political opinion in the United States during the final two years of the First World War that American leadership would propel the Allies to victory. Both the mention of Allied weaknesses and the use of subheadings to thoroughly organize his ideas were the strengths of his article. Unfortunately, the article was hindered by Grastys bias in favour of American leadership during the First World War and his inability to adequately contextualize relevant historical events. Bibliography Primary Source Grasty, Charles H. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid. The New York Times (London), January 31, 1917. Accessed January 1, 2017. Secondary Source Wilmott, Hedley Paul. World War I. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2009. [1] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I. (London: Dorling Kindersley, 2009), 196, 199. [2] Ibid, 200. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid, 196. [5] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, January 31, 1917, 1, 3. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., 1. [10] Ibid, 1. [11] Ibid, 3. [12] Ibid. [13] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I., 198. [14] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, 1. [15] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I, 183, 197, 198, 200. [16] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, 1. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I, 250, 251. [20] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, 1, 3. [21] Ibid, 1. [22] Ibid, 1, 3. [23] Ibid, 3. [24] Ibid, 1. [25] Ibid, 3. [26] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., 1.

Influences and Reality Essay -- Media Magazines Society Beauty Essays

Influences and Reality As adults do we tend to read the styles we've grown up with? Do we find ourselves subscribing to and reaching for magazines in the checkout line that our parents read? I do. As I become more independent I see subtle changes in the styles around me but find myself grounded in what my parents, my brothers and my environment have familiarized me with. Strewn around me are volumes of "Outdoor Life", "Prevention", "Better Homes and Gardens", "Midwest Living", "Vogue" and "Masonry Construction." A magazine to satisfy many interests, each containing pieces of my life. You will not find "Time" or "Forbes" in my hands unless I have research to do in them for school. I am not familiar with politics, big business or urban life and I find the style dull. I can't convince myself to pick up political magazines for pleasure. Richard Lanham in Revising Prose says, " A style that at first seems peculiar may not be a "bad "style but simply eloquent about an unexpected kind of reality, one that you may or may not like" (106). I read styles that are my reality and though some may not find "eloquence" in "Masonry Construction", I do. You may guess that someone in my family is involved in construction and wonder why I read such literature if it is not my career. As the daughter of a brick and stone mason I have grown up listening to my dad talk construction and have always been interested in what he does. Though "construction" doesn't have a soft tone to it, possibly not possessing "eloquence" , writing about it and the finished product can. Articles in "Masonry Construction" explicate the fine details of this labor through straightforward writing and a calm informative voice. I can "hear" my dad explaining the qualiti... ... I used to think it was funny and at a young age believed some of it; not to be fooled now. I used to read it for pleasure but since I started working with womens' and mens' clothing I've become interested in what is new in the world of fashion, the fabrics and styles. The writing style in "Vogue" and similar magazines is classy and fast paced (if writing can be that). The catwalk and thumping techno music seems to be in front of my eyes. For a while I find it interesting and exhilarating but soon find myself wanting to return to the country. I find that the styles strewn about me are influenced by my parents style; conservative, down to earth, knowing the importance of physical labor to make a living and seeing the beauty in what has been offered to us-where we live and what we've experienced. This is how I was raised and I will continue to live in this style. Influences and Reality Essay -- Media Magazines Society Beauty Essays Influences and Reality As adults do we tend to read the styles we've grown up with? Do we find ourselves subscribing to and reaching for magazines in the checkout line that our parents read? I do. As I become more independent I see subtle changes in the styles around me but find myself grounded in what my parents, my brothers and my environment have familiarized me with. Strewn around me are volumes of "Outdoor Life", "Prevention", "Better Homes and Gardens", "Midwest Living", "Vogue" and "Masonry Construction." A magazine to satisfy many interests, each containing pieces of my life. You will not find "Time" or "Forbes" in my hands unless I have research to do in them for school. I am not familiar with politics, big business or urban life and I find the style dull. I can't convince myself to pick up political magazines for pleasure. Richard Lanham in Revising Prose says, " A style that at first seems peculiar may not be a "bad "style but simply eloquent about an unexpected kind of reality, one that you may or may not like" (106). I read styles that are my reality and though some may not find "eloquence" in "Masonry Construction", I do. You may guess that someone in my family is involved in construction and wonder why I read such literature if it is not my career. As the daughter of a brick and stone mason I have grown up listening to my dad talk construction and have always been interested in what he does. Though "construction" doesn't have a soft tone to it, possibly not possessing "eloquence" , writing about it and the finished product can. Articles in "Masonry Construction" explicate the fine details of this labor through straightforward writing and a calm informative voice. I can "hear" my dad explaining the qualiti... ... I used to think it was funny and at a young age believed some of it; not to be fooled now. I used to read it for pleasure but since I started working with womens' and mens' clothing I've become interested in what is new in the world of fashion, the fabrics and styles. The writing style in "Vogue" and similar magazines is classy and fast paced (if writing can be that). The catwalk and thumping techno music seems to be in front of my eyes. For a while I find it interesting and exhilarating but soon find myself wanting to return to the country. I find that the styles strewn about me are influenced by my parents style; conservative, down to earth, knowing the importance of physical labor to make a living and seeing the beauty in what has been offered to us-where we live and what we've experienced. This is how I was raised and I will continue to live in this style.

Children with Autism :: Autism Brain Disorder Essays

Children with Autism Abstract By identifying autism, many other facts are then discovered including the different effects of autism and the way it can be treated. Children with autism will mostly always experience language problems, restricted interests and activities, as well as sensory and intellectual problems. This occurs because of a brain disorder that influences the way the brain uses the information. Although some children with autism do not speak at all, that doesn’t mean that none of the patients speak. Some may repeat words or mimic sentences or phrases they have observed from someone else. As of yet there is no cure for autism, but there is a great amount of different medications that work very well at reducing the symptoms. Thesis Occurring in all races and social backgrounds around the world, autism is found four times more often in boys and usually the first-born (Autism Society Manitoba, 2001). According to Edition 5 of Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, autism is a mental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, accompanied by delusion, hallucination, and inability to communicate verbally or otherwise relate to people. It is a lifelong disorder that obstructs ones capability to comprehend what is seen, heard, and touched. This causes profound problems in personal behavior and in the ability to relate to others. One with autism must learn how to communicate appropriately and to relate to people, objects and events. Even though a lot of patients that undergo autism have a lot of similar indications, they do not all suffer from the same degree of impairment. There is a full spectrum of symptoms, which can range from mild to severe (NA AR, 2002). Autism occurs in as many as one or two per one thousand people. Of those people, approximately fifty percent will never speak. By identifying autism many other facts are then discovered including the different effects of autism and the way it can be treated. Autism is a brain disorder that influences the way the brain uses and transmits information. Studies have found abnormalities in several parts of the brain that almost certainly occurred during fetal development. The problem may be centered in the parts of the brain responsible for processing language and information from the senses. One with autism will have language problems, restricted interests and activities, as well as sensory and intellectual problems (Cohen, 1987).

Comparison Between Hard Times and Communist Manifesto

Throughout history, a divide has always existed between the rich and poor in society. However, during the Industrial Revolution in Victorian England, this rift reached its peak. The working class labored for long hours and received miniscule wages, whereas the bourgeoisie grew abundantly wealthy through the labor of the working class. Published in 1848 and 1854 respectively, Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto and Charles Dickens’ Hard Times both comment on these troubles.While Hard Times is a novel which tells a story and The Communist Manifesto is a short publication which tries to bring about social change, both writings offer a sharp critique of the class antagonism brought about by capitalism at the height of the Industrial Revolution. From the opening of Hard Times, the setting of Coketown offers a sharp critique of the consequences involved with industrial capitalism. The town existed solely for the benefit of the bourgeoisie; however, this was brought about at t he expense of the factory workers, or proletarians.Dickens described the town as â€Å"several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another. † Dickens recognized that the proletarians had no individuality. Before the Industrial Revolution, independent production was the norm, not the exception; therefore, the types of laborers were much more diverse. Any given laborer could have been a farmer, a nail-crafter, etc. This gave the laborer a much greater sense of individuality since there were different jobs within the working class.However, with the introduction of factories and mass production, the proletarians had no choice but to work in factories. Since almost the entire working class lived in factories, they began to be viewed more as one large group rather than as individuals. The sameness of Coketown illustrates this sameness among the working class. In the same way, Marx claims t hat the bourgeoisie has taken away all individuality from the proletarians. In Marx’s view, capitalism causes money to be more important than the actual person.For example, Marx states, â€Å"In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality. † According to Marx, the proletarian is dependent, or a slave, to money. Most proletarians had no desire to work long hours inside of a factory under horrid conditions, but they were forced to. While their wages were very meager, the workers still needed some wages. The only jobs available during the Industrial Revolution were grueling factory jobs. Since the proletarians had no choice on what type of job that they could hold, they had no individuality.Ironically, money not only controls the lives of the proletarians, but it also greatly influenced the lives of the bourgeoisie. For many members of the bourgeoisie, money was the driving force in their li ves. Marx lashed out against this when he stated, â€Å"The bourgeoisie†¦has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest. † Men no longer cared about respecting the rights of other men. The bourgeoisie simply wanted to do was to accumulate more and more wealth. The fact that this accumulation of wealth was accomplished through the suffering of other humans was of little importance.A man was judged by how much money he had; therefore, these men would do anything to acquire more of it. Traits like honor and being just no longer mattered to these members of the bourgeoisie. The primary antagonist in Hard Times, Josiah Bounderby, would be classified as one of these members of the bourgeoisie. Bounderby is a man that would Marx would condemn emphatically since Bounderby focuses entirely on his own betterment. For instance, Bounderby frequently recounts how he was born to a very poor mother that abandoned him and through his own hard work, built his fortune.He tells this story for the sole reason of impressing others, yet the story turns out to be a falsehood. Bounderby cares more about improving his position than being an honest individual. Furthermore, like many members of the bourgeoisie, Bounderby tries to better himself at the expense of the proletarians. While Bounderby was a member of the lower class in his youth, he has completely turned his back on them. He treats the proletarians with contempt, and he believes that all the proletarians desire â€Å"to be fed on turtle soup and venison, with a gold spoon. † Dickens is creating an irony here.Bounderby believes that all the proletarians want to get rich without working, yet the proletarians are actually doing all the excruciating work in the society. However, the wealth is not going to the proletarians but to Bounderby himself. In contrast, the protagonist of the novel is Stephen Blackpool, who represents the average proletarian. He is not very educated, he wo rks long hours at a difficult factory job, and he gets paid very little for this job. Blackpool is a tragic character who is constantly being taken advantage of by members of higher classes.Bounderby takes advantage of Blackpool through wage labor, and Tom Gradgrind takes advantage of him by framing him for the bank robbery. This all leads to a life full of sufferings, including exile from Coketown and an untimely death. Blackpool would be a perfect model for Marx in order to showcase the sufferings of the proletarians in Victorian England. Bounderby had complete control over Blackpool. Bounderby could decide his wages, fire Blackpool, and even forbid Blackpool from divorcing his wife. Just as Blackpool was taken advantage of by Bounderby, Marx believes that capitalism takes advantage of the labor of the proletariat.Marx says that these laborers â€Å"are a commodity like every other article of commerce. † Machines have taken away all need for skilled labor. Without skilled l abor, the bourgeoisie have complete control over the proletariats since any job in a factory can be performed by any person. Mass production causes the worker to be nothing more than an â€Å"appendage of the machine. † This devalues the proletarians to nothing more than commodities, whose wages can be determined by the bourgeoisie. While life for the proletariat may have been a struggle at this time, Marx believed that it was inevitable for the proletariat to gain political power.According to Marx, â€Å"What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. † While class antagonism has existed throughout the history of societies, the ruling class in previous eras would at least try to keep the oppressed class in certain conditions. However, with the continuing rise of industry, the living conditions of the proletarians are only getting worse and worse. Moreover, with the increase of industry, classes of people like the petty bourgeoisie are be coming part of the proletariat. Therefore, the proletariat is living under worse and worse onditions, yet it is getting larger and larger. Eventually, Marx is sure that these workers will unite and will start a revolution. In Hard Times, the earliest stages of unity among the working class can be seen. The workers at Bounderby’s factory decide to unionize. They do this in order to improve their working conditions. While the orator Slackbridge is dishonest according to Dickens, the workers cause was honest and legitimate. Since the bourgeoisie only cared about each other, they would not listen to the complaints of the workers.Therefore, the workers had to band together in order to bring about change. Each at Bounderby’s factory â€Å"felt his only hope to be in his allying himself to the comrades by whom he was surrounded. † However, in Marx’s mind, this was only the beginning. While unions in factories were a good start to the proletarians banding togethe r, Marx believed that all the proletarians throughout a country would unite. Modern industry allowed for better communication between workers in different areas. This communication would centralize all the local struggles with the bourgeoisie into one national struggle.Eventually, each country’s proletariat would gain control of their respective country, and there would be no more class struggle since there would be no classes. With no class struggle, there would be no more hostility between nations, and national differences would vanish. While the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are the primary classes at this time in society, remnants of the aristocracy still remain from the feudal times. Throughout history, family status had always been the primary factor to determine a person’s social standing. This all changed with the Industrial Revolution.Wealth now determined a person’s social standing, and the bourgeoisie, not the aristocracy, was accumulating all the w ealth. The bourgeoisie became the ruling class during this time period. To combat the growing power of the bourgeoisie, many aristocrats created a form of socialism that proclaimed the plight of the proletarians. However, this is ironic since the aristocrats used to be the ruling class who exploited the other classes. The downfall of the aristocracy is illustrated in Hard Times through the character of Mrs. Sparsit. She came from a long line of aristocrats, and she married into another aristocratic family.However, her husband wasted away all of his money, and he left Sparsit poor after he died. In this new social order, it did not matter that Sparsit came from a â€Å"high-standing† family. She had no money; therefore, she had no social standing. Even though, she was equal to the proletariat economically, she was so accustomed to being supported by others that she refused to work and must be provided for by Bounderby. Marx explained that many aristocrats were trying to return the social order to the way it was during the feudal times, and Sparsit is one of these aristocrats.She refuses to acknowledge that times are changing and that her aristocratic family means nothing in the social order. In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution was a boom in production throughout the Western world. However, it was also a time of many injustices. While the bourgeoisie grew vastly wealthy, they did this through the exploitation of the proletariat. Through they used different methods, both Dickens and Marx publicized the class antagonisms between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat during the mid-1800s. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Charles Dickens, Hard Times (London, 1854), 27. [ 2 ]. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (London, 1848), 22. [ 3 ]. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 9. [ 4 ]. Dickens, Hard Times, 72. [ 5 ]. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 13. [ 6 ]. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 14. [ 7 ]. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 19. [ 8 ]. Dickens, Hard Times, 138. [ 9 ]. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 16 [ 10 ]. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 26. [ 11 ]. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 29.